ReviewInfectious diseases and therapy2024
A Systematic Literature Review on Risk Factors for and Timing of Clostridioides difficile Infection in the United States.
Review in Infectious diseases and therapy, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clostridioides difficile in West Africa: a systematic review of the limited evidence and key knowledge gaps.Global epidemiology · 2026Article
- Reexamining Novel Risk Factors for Community-AcquiredOpen forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated With Increased Risk ofOpen forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- EndD mediates butyrate-dependent toxin release inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Burden and Mortality Outcomes ofJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Tackling Biofilm-Forming Pathogens: A Challenge to Overcome in the Fight Against Infectious Diseases.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Outcomes ofJGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Clinical Guidance and Practical Recommendations for Probiotic Use in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Functional Constipation, andJournal of neurogastroenterology and motility · 2026Review
- Association between Clostridioides difficile Test Positivity and Colorectal Cancer Incidence in a Multisite Hospital-Based Retrospective Cohort Analysis.Cancer research communications · 2026Observational
- Clinical guidance and practical recommendations for probiotic use in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, functional constipation, and Clostridioides difficile infection considering sex-based differences: a Korean translation.Ewha medical journal · 2026Article
- Predictors of RecurrentDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Pooled analyses of Clostridioides difficile vaccine trials identify baseline predictors for vaccine response.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Push Enteroscopic Jejunal and Ileoscopic Delivery of Fecomicrobiota Transplantation (FMT) for Treatment ofJGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Incidence of hospital-acquired toxin-producing clostridioides difficile infection between the pre-pandemic (2017-2019) and pandemic (2020-2022): a retrospective cohort study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Insights into the mechanism of intestinal flora imbalance and immune disorder in co-morbidity of pneumonia and diarrhea in children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- Trends and Disparities inGastroenterology research and practice · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics and risk factors analysis ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Colonoscopic or Capsule Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for RecurrentGastro hep advances · 2026Article
- Challenges and Strategies in Managing RecurrentGeriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Effects of Sexual Dimorphism and the Estrous Cycle onACS infectious diseases · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionClostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major public health threat. Up to 40% of patients with CDI experience recurrent CDI (rCDI), which is associated with increased morbidity. This study aimed to define an at-risk population by obtaining a detailed understanding of the different factors leading to CDI, rCDI, and CDI-related morbidity and of time to CDI.
methodsWe conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) of MEDLINE (using PubMed) and EMBASE for relevant articles published between January 1, 2016, and November 11, 2022, covering the US population.
resultsOf the 1324 articles identified, 151 met prespecified inclusion criteria. Advanced patient age was a likely risk factor for primary CDI within a general population, with significant risk estimates identified in nine of 10 studies. Older age was less important in specific populations with comorbidities usually diagnosed at earlier age, such as bowel disease and cancer. In terms of comorbidities, the established factors of infection, kidney disease, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, and bowel disease along with several new factors (including anemia, fluid and electrolyte disorders, and coagulation disorders) were likely risk factors for primary CDI. Data on diabetes, cancer, and obesity were mixed. Other primary CDI risk factors were antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, female sex, prior hospitalization, and the length of stay in hospital. Similar factors were identified for rCDI, but evidence was limited. Older age was a likely risk factor for mortality. Timing of primary CDI varied depending on the population: 2-3 weeks in patients receiving stem cell transplants, within 3 weeks for patients undergoing surgery, and generally more than 3 weeks following solid organ transplant.
conclusionThis SLR uses recent evidence to define the most important factors associated with CDI, confirming those that are well established and highlighting new ones that could help to identify patient populations at high risk.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.