ReviewAnnals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft2024
Evolution and development of extraocular motor neurons, nerves and muscles in vertebrates.
Review in Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evolutionary patterns of nervous plexuses in 3 iguanid families (Pleurodonta): influence of phylogeny and sexual dimorphism.Current zoology · 2026Article
- Distinct transcriptional programs define cranial motor neuron subtypes during vertebrate development.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Parallel cholinergic circuit in oculomotor nucleus to control eye movements and REM sleep.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Little Known Facts, Controversies and Misconceptions About Cranial Motor Nuclei (and a New Classification for All Motoneurons, Cranial, and Spinal).The Journal of comparative neurology · 2026Review
- The ALX1 transcription factor acts in the early cranial mesoderm to specify extraocular muscle formation.Disease models & mechanisms · 2026Article
- Cranial anatomy, palaeoneurology, palaeobiology and stratigraphic age of the large-bodied ornithopod,PeerJ · 2026Article
- Brain inputs to the vestibular nuclei in lampreys.Frontiers in neuroanatomy · 2026Article
- Oculomotor axons use external and autocrine Slit signals for fasciculation, navigation, branching, and connectivity in mouse embryos.Research square · 2025Article
- Isolated oculomotor nerve palsy due to mesencephalic infarction diagnosed by ZOOM DWI.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- VEGF, but Not BDNF, Prevents the Downregulation of KCC2 Induced by Axotomy in Extraocular Motoneurons.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Specification and survival of post-metamorphic branchiomeric neurons in a non-vertebrate chordate.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2024Article
- Gene networks and the evolution of olfactory organs, eyes, hair cells and motoneurons: a view encompassing lancelets, tunicates and vertebrates.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to analyze the origin of ocular motor neurons, define the pattern of innervation of nerve fibers that project to the extraocular eye muscles (EOMs), describe congenital disorders that alter the development of ocular motor neurons, and provide an overview of vestibular pathway inputs to ocular motor nuclei. Six eye muscles are innervated by axons of three ocular motor neurons, the oculomotor (CNIII), trochlear (CNIV), and abducens (CNVI) neurons. Ocular motor neurons (CNIII) originate in the midbrain and innervate the ipsilateral orbit, except for the superior rectus and the levator palpebrae, which are contralaterally innervated. Trochlear motor neurons (CNIV) originate at the midbrain-hindbrain junction and innervate the contralateral superior oblique muscle. Abducens motor neurons (CNVI) originate variously in the hindbrain of rhombomeres r4-6 that innervate the posterior (or lateral) rectus muscle and innervate the retractor bulbi. Genes allow a distinction between special somatic (CNIII, IV) and somatic (CNVI) ocular motor neurons. Development of ocular motor neurons and their axonal projections to the EOMs may be derailed by various genetic causes, resulting in the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. The ocular motor neurons innervate EOMs while the vestibular nuclei connect with the midbrain-brainstem motor neurons.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.