ArticleJournal of health economics2024
Estimating the effects of tobacco-21 on youth tobacco use and sales.
Article in Journal of health economics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It carries an expression of concern. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- What is the Relationship Between Raising the Minimum Legal Sales Age of Tobacco Above 20 and Cigarette Smoking? A Systematic Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Pooled it
- Beyond Tobacco Prevention: The Effects of Tobacco 21 Laws on Young Adults' Body Weight.Health economics · 2026Article
- Associations between county-level e-cigarette-inclusive Tobacco 21 law population coverage and e-cigarette use behaviors among United States adolescents in Monitoring the Future.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Governing E-cigarettes in China: regulatory challenges and strategies for adolescent protection in the post-flavor ban era.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Expanding the evidence base: The impact of Tobacco 21 policies on youth tobacco use.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of signage in preventing adolescents and young adults from accessing e-cigarettes in retail stores: a discrete-choice experiment.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of Tobacco 21 policies and youth tobacco use: implications for future policy research.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2025Article
- SimSmoke simulation models distinguished by race/ethnicity: past and future trends and the potential role of policy.Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs · 2025Article
- Effect of e-cigarette taxes on e-cigarette and cigarette retail prices and sales, USA, 2014-2019.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Interaction Between State-Level Cigarette Prices and County-Level Tobacco 21 Coverage on Cigarette Smoking Outcomes Among US Adolescents.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2024Article
- The Long-Term Impacts of Cigarette Taxes on Smoking.American journal of health economics · 2024Article
- The effect of e-cigarette taxes on prepregnancy and prenatal smoking.Journal of policy analysis and management : [the journal of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management] · 2023Article
- Impact of vaping restrictions in public places on smoking and vaping in the United States-evidence using a difference-in-differences approach.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2023Observational
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
- Erratum issued
- Expression of concern
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We examine the effect of raising the minimum legal sale age of tobacco to 21 (i.e., "T21"). We estimate difference-in-differences models using the Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey data and Nielsen Retail Scanner data from 2012 to 2019. Outcomes include cigarette and e-cigarette use and sales. We find sizable reductions in e-cigarette and cigarette use for 12th graders. T21 also reduced cigarette sales by 12.4 % and e-cigarette sales by 69.3 % in counties with the highest percent quartile of individuals under 21 years of age. In terms of mechanisms, we find that T21 increases ID checking and perceived risks of using both products.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.