ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2024
Sources of Variance in Human Tear Proteomic Samples: Statistical Evaluation, Quality Control, Normalization, and Biological Insight.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcending genome-wide association studies to create useful multi-omic views of glaucoma.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2026Review
- High-performance proteomics reveals immune, epithelial, and vascular dysregulation underlying lacrimal fluid defects in patients with aniridia.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Recent advances in smart contact lenses.Biosensors & bioelectronics: X · 2026Article
- Shear-Stress-Dependent Viscous Properties of Hyaluronic-Based Lubricants.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Tear-derived extracellular vesicles as diagnostic biomarkers for ocular and neurodegenerative diseases: opportunities and challenges.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human tear fluid contains numerous compounds, which are present in highly variable amounts owing to the dynamic and multipurpose functions of tears. A better understanding of the level and sources of variance is essential for determining the functions of the different tear components and the limitations of tear samples as a potential biomarker source. In this study, a quantitative proteomic method was used to analyze variations in the tear protein profiles of healthy volunteers. High day-to-day and inter-eye personal variances were observed in the tear volumes, protein content, and composition of the tear samples. Several normalization and outlier exclusion approaches were evaluated to decrease variances. Despite the intrapersonal variances, statistically significant differences and cluster analysis revealed that proteome profile and immunoglobulin composition of tear fluid present personal characteristics. Using correlation analysis, we could identify several correlating protein clusters, mainly related to the source of the proteins. Our study is the first attempt to achieve more insight into the biochemical background of human tears by statistical evaluation of the experimentally observed dynamic behavior of the tear proteome. As a pilot study for determination of personal protein profiles of the tear fluids of individual patients, it contributes to the application of this noninvasively collectible body fluid in personal medicine.
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Registered trials
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