ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2024
Inflammatory biomarkers for neurobehavioral dysregulation in former American football players: findings from the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cognitive and Behavioral Functioning in Female Former Soccer Players: Results from the Head Impact and Trauma Surveillance Study (HITSS).Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Biological Markers of Cognitive Impairments in Combat and Contact-Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Alterations in CSF Amyloid-β and Tau Biomarkers in Former College and Professional American Football Players: Findings from the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project.Journal of neurotrauma · 2026Observational
- Imaging the later-life white matter pathologies of repetitive head impacts: A novel pattern revealed through T2 FLAIR MRI.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Inflammation, Limbic White Matter Microstructure, and Clinical Symptoms in Retired American Football Players With Repetitive Head Impacts.Neurology · 2026Article
- From Traumatic Brain Injury to Alzheimer's Disease: Multilevel Biomechanical, Neurovascular, and Molecular Mechanisms with Emerging Therapeutic Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Hyperthyroidism complicated with diabetes mellitus using the health promotion model: changes in thyroid hormones, glucose-lipid metabolism, and inflammatory markers.Journal of medical biochemistry · 2026Article
- Clinical Validation of Novel Immunoassays for Plasma Phosphorylated Tau 217, 212, 181, 231, and Brain-Derived Tau Across the Biochemical Spectrum of Alzheimer's Disease.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Article
- Long-term neurobehavioral and neuroimaging outcomes in athletes with prior concussion(s) and head impact exposure.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2025Review
- Single- versus two-test criteria for cognitive impairment: associations with CSF and imaging markers in former American football players.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2025Article
- Interrogating the plasma proteome of repetitive head impact exposure and chronic traumatic encephalopathy.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Article
- Neurobiology and Impact of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes: A Focused Review.Cureus · 2025Review
- Catecholamine Dysregulation in Former American Football Players: Findings From the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project.Neurology · 2025Observational
- Neuroinflammatory mechanisms may help identify candidate biomarkers in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).Free neuropathology · 2025Review
- "Proteinjury": a universal pathological mechanism mediated by cerebrospinal fluid in neurodegeneration and trauma.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Examination of plasma biomarkers of amyloid, tau, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation in former elite American football players.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome: integrative mechanisms, predictive biomarkers, and translational pathways for prevention in CAR T-cell therapy.Frontiers in neurologyReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors at 18 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTraumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) is defined as the clinical manifestation of the neuropathological entity chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). A core feature of TES is neurobehavioral dysregulation (NBD), a neuropsychiatric syndrome in repetitive head impact (RHI)-exposed individuals, characterized by a poor regulation of emotions/behavior. To discover biological correlates for NBD, we investigated the association between biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and NBD symptoms in former American football players and unexposed individuals.
methodsOur cohort consisted of former American football players, with (n = 104) or without (n = 76) NBD diagnosis, as well as asymptomatic unexposed individuals (n = 55) from the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project. Specific measures for NBD were derived (i.e., explosivity, emotional dyscontrol, impulsivity, affective lability, and a total NBD score) from a factor analysis of multiple self-report neuropsychiatric measures. Analyses of covariance tested differences in biomarker concentrations between the three groups. Within former football players, multivariable linear regression models assessed relationships among log-transformed inflammatory biomarkers, proxies for RHI exposure (total years of football, cumulative head impact index), and NBD factor scores, adjusted for relevant confounding variables. Sensitivity analyses tested (1) differences in age subgroups (< 60, ≥ 60 years); (2) whether associations could be identified with plasma inflammatory biomarkers; (3) associations between neurodegeneration and NBD, using plasma neurofilament light (NfL) chain protein; and (4) associations between biomarkers and cognitive performance to explore broader clinical symptoms related to TES.
resultsCSF IL-6 was higher in former American football players with NBD diagnosis compared to players without NBD. Furthermore, elevated levels of CSF IL-6 were significantly associated with higher emotional dyscontrol, affective lability, impulsivity, and total NBD scores. In older football players, plasma NfL was associated with higher emotional dyscontrol and impulsivity, but also with worse executive function and processing speed. Proxies for RHI exposure were not significantly associated with biomarker concentrations.
conclusionSpecific NBD symptoms in former American football players may result from multiple factors, including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Future studies need to unravel the exact link between NBD and RHI exposure, including the role of other pathophysiological pathways.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.