ArticleEnvironmental science & technology2024
A U.S. Lead Exposure Hotspots Analysis.
Article in Environmental science & technology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Metal and metal mixture biomarkers across three U.S. cohorts: MASALA, MESA-LA, and Strong Heart Family Study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Dentine markers of pre/early postnatal lead exposure links with brain, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes in adolescents.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Modeling Elevated Children's Blood Lead Levels across Five U.S. States: A Statistical Approach to Improve Predictions and Understand Key Drivers.ACS environmental Au · 2026Article
- Lead exposure in the 21st century: Modeling a path from crisis to prevention.Eco-Environment & Health · 2025Article
- Medical Surveillance of Occupational Lead Exposure Using the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory and Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance Program: Illinois, 2016-2023.American journal of industrial medicine · 2025Article
- Visualizing Parcel-Level Lead Risk Using an Exterior Housing-Based Index.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Identification of high lead exposure locations in Ohio at the census tract scale using a generalizable geospatial hotspot approach.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To identify U.S. lead exposure risk hotspots, we expanded upon geospatial statistical methods from a published Michigan case study. The evaluation of identified hotspots using five lead indices, based on housing age and sociodemographic data, showed moderate-to-substantial agreement with state-identified higher-risk locations from nine public health department reports (45-78%) and with hotspots of children's blood lead data from Michigan and Ohio (e.g., Cohen's kappa scores of 0.49-0.63). Applying geospatial cluster analysis and 80th-100th percentile methods to the lead indices, the number of U.S. census tracts ranged from ∼8% (intersection of indices) to ∼41% (combination of indices). Analyses of the number of children <6 years old living in those census tracts revealed the states (e.g., Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, California, Texas) and counties with highest potential lead exposure risk. Results support use of available lead indices as surrogates to identify locations in the absence of consistent, complete blood lead level (BLL) data across the United States. Ground-truthing with local knowledge, additional BLL data, and environmental data is needed to improve identification and analysis of lead exposure and BLL hotspots for interventions. While the science evolves, these screening results can inform "deeper dive" analyses for targeting lead actions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.