Establishment and verification of the first prognostic nomograms in locally advanced thyroid cancer based on the analysis of clinical and follow-up information on 2396 patients.

Background and objectives: The purpose of this research was to develop and validate the first prognostic nomograms for 3-, 5-, and 10-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) in patients diagnosed with locally advanced thyroid cancer (LATC) by evaluating independent predictors of prognosis in a population of LATC patients. Methods: Demographics, clinicopathologic characteristics, treatment, and follow-up of 2396 LATC patients in the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database from 2004 to 2015 were retrospectively analyzed and compared with patients with LATC according to staging. We randomized all LATC patients into training and validation groups in a 7:3 ratio. Cox regression analyses helped us to derive independent prognostic factors for LATC patients. According to these results, we established and validated the first prognostic nomograms and risk stratification. Results: In our research, the clinical information of LATC patients was compared and significant differences were found in the relevant variables including CSS and OS (P < 0.05), with CSS of 82.0 % and 49.0 %, and OS of 70.6 % and 40.0 %, respectively. Cox regression analyses showed that age at diagnosis, tumor diameter, presence of DM, extrathyroidal extension sites, histological type, thyroidectomy scope, radiotherapy status, and chronological sequence of radiotherapy and surgery were observably correlated with CSS in LATC patients, and in addition to the above factors, gender, marital status, and chemotherapy status were also observably correlated with OS in LATC patients. The prognostic predictive power of the above factors is visualized by the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. The concordance index of nomograms for CSS and OS were 0.933, 0.925, and 0.926 (CSS), 0.918, 0.909, and 0.906 (OS), respectively, and the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve, area under curve, calibration curve and decision curve analysis curve indicate that the nomograms have good discriminatory ability, accuracy and clinical applicability in both the training and validation groups. Conclusions: In these findings, we drawed a conclusion that there were significant differences in clinical information between patients with T4a and T4b LATC, and we established and validated the first prognostic nomograms and risk stratification of CSS and OS for LATC patients at 3, 5, and 10 years, which will help clinicians to individualize their postoperative treatment and individualized follow-up.