ArticlePloS one2024
An assessment of dynamic facial emotion recognition and theory of mind in children with ADHD: An eye-tracking study.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- No added cost: Emotion recognition in co-occurring ADHD and ASD.The British journal of clinical psychology · 2026Article
- Neurobiosensory and Visual Patterns of Attentional and Emotional Functioning in Children Using Machine Learning: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2026Article
- A Scoping Review on Positive Emotions and Affect in Autism.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Neurocognitive endophenotypes in neurodevelopmental disorders: social cognition and executive functions in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Level 1 and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- A comprehensive deep learning framework for real time emotion detection in online learning using hybrid models.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Role of Empathy in ADHD Children: Neuropsychological Assessment and Possible Rehabilitation Suggestions-A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Deficits in social cognition in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been associated with difficulties in functioning. Since recognizing emotional facial expressions is essential for developing the perceptual components of the theory of mind (ToM), it is important to assess this relationship in children with ADHD. This study therefore compared the recognition of emotional stimuli and gaze patterns between children with ADHD and healthy children using eye-tracking with dynamic facial images. It also examined the relationship between facial emotion recognition accuracy, gaze patterns, ToM scores, and ADHD symptoms. Children with ADHD aged 8-13 (n = 47) and a control group (n = 38) completed a facial emotion recognition test, ToM tests, and the Conners' Parent Rating Scale. Participants' gaze patterns in response to dynamic facial emotion expressions were recorded using eye-tracking technology. Children with ADHD exhibited significantly lower accuracy in the recognition of the facial expressions of disgust and anger. The percentage fixation in the eye region was also significantly lower for happy, angry, sad, disgusted, and neutral emotions in the children with ADHD compared to the control group. No relationship was determined between the percentage of fixations on facial areas of interests and ADHD symptoms or ToM tests. This study provides evidence that children with ADHD experience deficits in visual attention to emotional cues. In addition, it suggests that facial emotion recognition deficits in children with ADHD represent a separate domain of social cognition that develops independently of ToM skills and core symptoms. Understanding and treating the social difficulties of individuals with ADHD may help improve their social functioning.
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