Establishment of a steroid binding assay for goldfish membrane progesterone receptor (mPR) by coupling with graphene quantum dots (GQDs).

A homogeneous assay was developed to evaluate ligands that target the membrane progesterone receptor alpha (mPRα) of goldfish. This was achieved by employing graphene quantum dots (GQDs), a type of semiconductor nanoparticle conjugated to the goldfish mPRα. When progesterone-BSA-fluorescein isothiocyanate (P4-BSA-FITC) was combined with the other agents, fluorescence was observed through Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). However, this fluorescence was quenched by binding between the ligand and receptor. This established method demonstrated the ligand selectivity of the mPRα protein. Then, the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris was used to express the goldfish mPRα (GmPRα) protein. The recombinant purified GmPRα protein was coupled with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) to generate GQD-conjugated goldfish mPRα (GQD-GmPRα). Fluorescence at a wavelength of 520 nm was observed through FRET upon the combination of P4-BSA-FITC and subsequent activation by ultraviolet (UV) light. Adding free P4 to the reaction mixture resulted in a decrease in fluorescence intensity at a wavelength of 520 nm. The fluorescence was reduced by the administration of GmPRα ligands but not by steroids that do not interact with GmPRα. The findings indicated that the interaction between the ligand and receptor led to the formation of a complex involving GQD-GmPRα and P4-BSA-FITC. The interaction between the compounds and GQD-GmPRα was additionally validated by a binding experiment that employed the radiolabeled natural ligand [