Species richness, extent and potential threats to mangroves of Sarangani Bay Protected Seascape, Philippines.

Mangroves form one of the most vital tropical ecosystems that support many species and surrounding communities. The Sarangani Bay Protected Seascape (SBPS) in the south of Mindanao Islands in the Philippines is home to a large number of mangrove species, which have not been fully explored. We updated the list of true mangrove species for SBPS from 10 to 24 by integrating the results of our survey and other past mangrove assessments. A practical spatial analysis approach was used to estimate the current mangrove forest extent of SBPS at 514 ha, as compared to 479 ha and 332 ha in 1998 and 2016, respectively, from other independent reports. Mangrove cover was negatively related to built area, cropland, bare ground, rangeland and total human population, but positively related to the number of fishing boats and total tree cover. In addition, we identified other potential anthropogenic threats to mangroves and categorised them into forest clearing or deforestation, over-extraction and pollution. The benefits of mangrove cover expansion, adoption of mangrove-friendly aquaculture and revitalising degraded mangrove forests outweigh their constraints. Our work provided a locally relevant understanding of the potential causes of mangrove loss and the values of human actions in mangrove dynamics, which will contribute to reliable and informed decision-making for the conservation of mangrove species and restoration of mangrove forests in SBPS.