Global poverty estimation using private and public sector big data sources.

Household surveys give a precise estimate of poverty; however, surveys are costly and are fielded infrequently. We demonstrate the importance of jointly using multiple public and private sector data sources to estimate levels and changes in wealth for a large set of countries. We train models using 63,854 survey cluster locations across 59 countries, relying on data from satellites, Facebook Marketing information, and OpenStreetMaps. The model generalizes previous approaches to a wide set of countries. On average, across countries, the model explains 55% (min = 14%; max = 85%) of the variation in levels of wealth at the survey cluster level and 59% (min = 0%; max = 93%) of the variation at the district level, and the model explains 4% (min = 0%; max = 17%) and 6% (min = 0%; max = 26%) of the variation of changes in wealth at the cluster and district levels. Models perform best in lower-income countries and in countries with higher variance in wealth. Features from nighttime lights, OpenStreetMaps, and land cover data are most important in explaining levels of wealth, and features from nighttime lights are most important in explaining changes in wealth.