ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2023
Unfavorable nutrient intakes in children up to school entry age: results from the nationwide German KiESEL study.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Higher Prevalence of Inadequate Vitamin D Intake in Toddlers Not Consuming a Vitamin D Supplement in Vancouver, Canada.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Critical Nutrients in Ketogenic Diets for Infants and Children Under Ten Years of Age-A Hypothetical Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Plant-Based Drinks as an Alternative to Cow's Milk in Early Life: Health Effects in Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2026Review
- Food consumption and nutrient intake in children on day-care days: results from the nationwide German KiESEL study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- [Food supplements and fortified foods: benefits, risks and approaches to consumer protection].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2025Article
- [Importance and supply of micronutrients in infants, children and adolescents].Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz · 2025Article
- Unfavourable food consumption is exacerbated by low socioeconomic status among children aged 1-5 years in Germany.The British journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Replacing cow's milk with plant-based drinks: consequences for nutrient intake of young children on a balanced diet in Germany.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Dietary Micronutrient Intake and the Prevalence of Metabolic Conditions among Children from the United States-Affiliated Pacific Region in the Children's Healthy Living Program.Current developments in nutrition · 2025Article
- Critical vitamin D and iron intakes in infants aged 6-11 months: results from the nationwide German KiESEL study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Unfavorable food consumption in children up to school entry age: results from the nationwide German KiESEL study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Nutrition in the first years of life is a cornerstone for child development and long-term health, yet there is a lack of current data on energy and nutrient intake among toddlers and preschoolers in Germany. Objective: To analyze energy and nutrient intake in toddlers (1- to 2-year-olds) and preschoolers (3- to 5-year-olds) in Germany and compare the results with the Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) by the European Food Safety Authority. Design: Dietary intake was assessed by weighed food record data (3 + 1 day) of 890 children from the representative cross-sectional Children's Nutrition Survey to Record Food Consumption (KiESEL), carried out in 2014-2017 as a module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents Wave 2. For the calculation of energy and nutrient intake, the German Nutrient Database BLS 3.02, LEBTAB, and a supplement database were used. Results: Median intakes of energy and most nutrients met or exceeded the DRVs in both toddlers and preschoolers. However, low intakes relative to DRVs were found for vitamin D (6-9% of DRV, including supplements) and iodine (57-65% of DRV). Age specific downward deviations were observed for iron intake in toddlers (75% of DRV) and for calcium intake in preschoolers (67-77% of DRV). In contrast, intakes were high for saturated fatty acids (SFA) (14-16 E%), mono-/disaccharides (60-87 g/day), and protein [2.1-2.6 g/(kg body weight*day)]. Conclusion: Nutrient imbalances in toddlers and preschoolers in Germany, which are partly age-related, give rise to concern. Research is needed to determine if routine vitamin D supplementation should be extended beyond infancy. Public health efforts to increase the rate of use of iodized salt and to reduce the intake of SFA and mono-/disaccharides in children's diets are to be strengthened.
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