ArticleJCO oncology practice2024
Association of Historical Housing Discrimination and Colon Cancer Treatment and Outcomes in the United States.
Article in JCO oncology practice, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Colorectal Cancer Legal and Administrative Burden Support (COLLABS): A Pilot Clinical Trial.JCO oncology practice · 2025Trial
- Connecting Past to Present: Does Historical Redlining Affect Current Life Expectancy?Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- The association of contemporary mortgage lending bias and receipt of guideline-concordant systemic treatment among older women with breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2025Article
- Federal Housing Assistance and Stage at Cancer Diagnosis Among Older Adults in the US.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Historical redlining and mortality in children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer in California, 2000-2019.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025Article
- Rapid Access to Emergency Medical Services Within Historically Redlined Areas.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Contemporary neighborhood redlining and racial mortgage lending bias and disparities in prostate cancer survival.Cancer · 2025Article
- Social and Legal Needs in Patients and Families With Cancer: Interaction With Patient-Level Financial Toxicity.JCO oncology practice · 2025Review
- Socioeconomic disadvantage and its impact on patient satisfaction at a multi-site radiation oncology center.Technical innovations & patient support in radiation oncology · 2024Article
- Redlining and Time to Viral Suppression Among Persons With HIV.JAMA internal medicine · 2024Observational
- American Cancer Society's Report on the Status of Cancer Disparities in the United States, 2025.CA: a cancer journal for cliniciansArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeIn the 1930s, the federally sponsored Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) used racial composition in its assessment of areas worthy of receiving loans. Neighborhoods with large proportions of Black residents were mapped in red (ie, redlining) and flagged as hazardous for mortgage financing. Redlining created a platform for systemic disinvestment in these neighborhoods, leading to barriers in access to resources that persist today. We investigated the association between residing in areas with different HOLC ratings and receipt of quality cancer care and outcomes among individuals diagnosed with colon cancer-a leading cause of cancer deaths amenable to early detection and treatment.
methodsIndividuals who resided in zip code tabulation areas in 196 cities with HOLC rating and were diagnosed with colon cancer from 2007 to 2017 were identified from the National Cancer Database and assigned a HOLC grade (A, best; B, still desirable; C, definitely declining; and D, hazardous and mapped in red). Multivariable logistic regression models investigated association of area-level HOLC grade and late stage at diagnosis and receipt of guideline-concordant care. The product-limit method evaluated differences in time to adjuvant chemotherapy. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models investigated differences in overall survival (OS).
resultsThere were 149,917 patients newly diagnosed with colon cancer with a median age of 68 years. Compared with people living in HOLC A areas, people living in HOLC D areas were more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage disease (adjusted odds ratio, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.00 to 1.12]). In addition, people living in HOLC B, C, and D areas had 8%, 16%, and 24% higher odds of not receiving guideline-concordant care, including lower receipt of surgery, evaluation of ≥12 lymph nodes, and chemotherapy. People residing in HOLC B, C, or D areas also experienced delays in initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery. People residing in HOLC C (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.09 [95% CI, 1.05 to 1.13]) and D (aHR, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.09 to 1.18]) areas had worse OS, including 13% and 20% excess risk of death for individuals diagnosed with early- and 6% and 8% for late-stage disease for HOLC C and D, respectively.
conclusionHistorical housing discrimination is associated with worse contemporary access to colon cancer care and outcomes.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.