ArticlePloS one2024
Factors associated with anxiety during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: An analysis of the COVID-19 Citizen Science study.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05548803 (Comparing Patient-reported Impact of COVID-19 Shelter-in-place Policies and Access to Containment and Mitigation Strategies, Overall and in Vulnerable Populations), which is not on this map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparing Patient-reported Impact of COVID-19 Shelter-in-place Policies and Access to Containment and Mitigation Strategies, Overall and in Vulnerable Populations
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Incidence of Anxiety Diagnosis up to Four Years Post SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx and New York.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Association Between Sleep Duration and Anxiety in US Adults: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study.Psychology research and behavior management · 2025Article
- Associations between local COVID-19 policies and anxiety in the USA: a longitudinal digital cohort study.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- State-Level Paid Sick Leave Policies and Population Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States.Society and mental health · 2024Article
- Effects of Subjective Social Status and Self-Esteem in the Association Between Childhood Abuse and Adulthood Anxiety.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
COVID-19 increased the prevalence of clinically significant anxiety in the United States. To investigate contributing factors we analyzed anxiety, reported online via monthly Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7 (GAD-7) surveys between April 2020 and May 2022, in association with self-reported worry about the health effects of COVID-19, economic difficulty, personal COVID-19 experience, and subjective social status. 333,292 anxiety surveys from 50,172 participants (82% non-Hispanic white; 73% female; median age 55, IQR 42-66) showed high levels of anxiety, especially early in the pandemic. Anxiety scores showed strong independent associations with worry about the health effects of COVID-19 for oneself or family members (GAD-7 score +3.28 for highest vs. lowest category; 95% confidence interval: 3.24, 3.33; p<0.0001 for trend) and with difficulty paying for basic living expenses (+2.06; 1.97, 2.15, p<0.0001) in multivariable regression models after adjusting for demographic characteristics, COVID-19 case rates and death rates, and personal COVID-19 experience. High levels of COVID-19 health worry and economic stress were each more common among participants reporting lower subjective social status, and median anxiety scores for those experiencing both were in the range considered indicative of moderate to severe clinical anxiety disorders. In summary, health worry and economic difficulty both contributed to high rates of anxiety during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US, especially in disadvantaged socioeconomic groups. Programs to address both health concerns and economic insecurity in vulnerable populations could help mitigate pandemic impacts on anxiety and mental health.
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