ReviewRadiology2024
The Image Biomarker Standardization Initiative: Standardized Convolutional Filters for Reproducible Radiomics and Enhanced Clinical Insights.
Abstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Radiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 145 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
145citing papers in PubMed, 6 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
145 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Beyond the naked eye: a systematic review on the current state of radiomics approaches to the vestibular schwannoma.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Performance of Artificial Intelligence Models in Predicting Responsiveness of Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR · 2026Pooled it
- Insights into pet-based radiogenomics in oncology: an updated systematic review.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2025Pooled it
- 18F-FDG PET/CT Semiquantitative and Radiomic Features for Assessing Pathologic Axillary Lymph Node Status in Clinical Stage I-III Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2025Pooled it
- Evaluating the impact of the Radiomics Quality Score: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European radiology · 2025Pooled it
- Development and validation of a risk prediction model for invasiveness of pure ground-glass nodules based on a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medical imaging · 2024Pooled it
- Decoding tumor heterogeneity with imaging biomarkers predicts response to TACE plus immunotherapy and targeted therapy in HCC (CHANCE2204).Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2026Article
- Impact of deep learning image reconstruction on CT radiomics reproducibility in patients with pulmonary nodules.Insights into imaging · 2026Article
- Deep integration of clinical metadata with [European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Imaging the hallmarks of cancer.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Radiomics and anaesthetic planning: Quantitative imaging as a new frontier in preoperative risk assessment.World journal of radiology · 2026Review
- Prognostic value of a non-contrast CT-based radiomics model in patients with Type-B aortic dissection after thoracic endovascular aortic repair.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Assessment of Robustness of MRI Radiomic Features in Four Abdominal Organs: Impact of Deep Learning Reconstruction and Segmentation.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2026Article
- Multifaceted Preprocessing Optimization for Post-Mortem Radiomics Analysis: A Pilot Study on Forensic Age Estimation Using Proximal Femur Radiomics.Journal of imaging informatics in medicine · 2026Article
- Beyond the mutation: integrating radiogenomics, epigenetics, and immune signatures to overcome therapeutic resistance in CNS tumors: a narrative review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- Development and validation of a multivariable CT-based Delta-radiomics model for predicting efficacy to bevacizumab therapy in patients with colorectal liver metastases.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Chinese expert concern and consensus on applications of artificial intelligence in clinical cancer imaging.Insights into imaging · 2026Article
- Radiomics and Artificial Intelligence in Ovarian Endometriosis Imaging: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal of Emerging Evidence.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Why Radiomics Rarely Reaches the Clinic: Reproducibility, Validation, and Evidence Gap-A Critical Narrative Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Review
85 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
46 authors.
Philip Whybra *From the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).
Alex Zwanenburg *From the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-0342-9545
Vincent AndrearczykFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0003-0793-5821
Roger SchaerFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0001-7984-2099
Aditya P ApteFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0001-8120-0669
Alexandre AyotteFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).
Bhakti BahetiFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0001-5475-3903
Spyridon BakasFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0001-8734-6482
Andrea BettinelliFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-3539-3540
Ronald BoellaardFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-0313-5686
Luca BoldriniFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).
Irène BuvatFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-7053-6471
Gary J R CookFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-8732-8134
Florian DietscheFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0001-9181-8470
Nicola DinapoliFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-2800-9723
Hubert S GabryśFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0001-5657-8432
Vicky GohFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-2321-8091
Matthias GuckenbergerFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-7146-9071
Mathieu HattFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).
Mahdi HosseinzadehFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-3255-3473
Aditi IyerFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-2369-8953
Jacopo LenkowiczFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-8366-1474
Mahdi A L LoutfiFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0009-0005-3555-0963
Steffen LöckFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-7017-3738
Francesca MarturanoFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-5430-1234
Olivier MorinFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-9240-5704
Christophe NiocheFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-6247-2025
Fanny OrlhacFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-5588-1867
Sarthak PatiFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).
Arman RahmimFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).
Seyed Masoud RezaeijoFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-4525-0025
Christopher G RookyardFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-9822-3709
Mohammad R SalmanpourFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-9515-789X
Andreas SchindeleFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).
Isaac ShiriFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-5735-0736
Emiliano SpeziFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-1452-8813
Stephanie Tanadini-LangFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-4387-1522
Florent TixierFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).
Taman UpadhayaFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-8193-546X
Vincenzo ValentiniFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).
Joost J M van GriethuysenFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0003-0447-0918
Fereshteh YousefiriziFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).
Habib ZaidiFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0001-7559-5297
Henning MüllerFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0001-6800-9878
Martin VallièresFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0001-7639-8172
Adrien DepeursingeFrom the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (P.W., E.S.); OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany (A.Z., S.L.); National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Fetscherstrasse 74, PF 41 Dresden 01307, Germany (A.Z.); Institute of Informatics, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Sierre, Switzerland (V.A., R.S., H.M., A.D.); Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (A.P.A., A.I.); Department of Computer Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada (A.A., M.A.L.L., M.V.); Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Science for Integrated Diagnostics (AI2D) and Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics (CBICA), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Division of Computational Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind (B.B., S.B., S.P.); Department of Medical Physics, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy (A.B., F.M.); Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.B.); Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (L.B., N.D., J.L.); Institut Curie, Université PSL, Inserm U1288, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Translationnelle en Oncologie, Orsay, France (I.B., C.N., F.O.); Department of Cancer Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (G.J.R.C., V.G., C.G.R.); Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (F.D., H.S.G., M.G., S.T.); Department of Radiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (V.G.); LaTIM, INSERM, UMR 1101, Université de Bretagne-Occidentale, Brest, France (M. Hatt, F.T.); Technological Virtual Collaboration (TECVICO Corp), Vancouver, Canada (M. Hosseinzadeh, M.R.S.); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (M. Hosseinzadeh); Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif (O.M., T.U.); Departments of Radiology and Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (A.R.); Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran (S.M.R.); Repository Unit, Cancer Research UK National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator, United Kingdom (C.G.R.); Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada (M.R.S., F.Y.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany (A.S.); Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland (I.S., H.Z.); Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland (I.S.); Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy, and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Milano, Milan, Italy (V.V.); Department of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Department of Radiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.J.M.v.G.); Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Canada (M.V.); and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland (A.D.).ORCID 0000-0002-2362-0304
Funding
X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHYP30CA008748 · NCI · SLOAN-KETTERING INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RES · PI Hongbiao Carl Lekaye · 1985 to 2026
$347.4MCancer imaging phenomics software suite: application to brain and breast cancerU24CA189523 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI DAVATZIKOS, CHRISTOS, KONTOS, DESPINA · 2015 to 2019
$3.2MThe Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) platform: An intuitive tool facilitating secure multi-institutional collaborationU01CA242871 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI BAKAS, SPYRIDON · 2019 to 2021
$1.1MNCI NIH HHS P30 CA008748NCI NIH HHS U01 CA242871NCI NIH HHS U24 CA189523Wellcome Trust
Abstract
Filters are commonly used to enhance specific structures and patterns in images, such as vessels or peritumoral regions, to enable clinical insights beyond the visible image using radiomics. However, their lack of standardization restricts reproducibility and clinical translation of radiomics decision support tools. In this special report, teams of researchers who developed radiomics software participated in a three-phase study (September 2020 to December 2022) to establish a standardized set of filters. The first two phases focused on finding reference filtered images and reference feature values for commonly used convolutional filters: mean, Laplacian of Gaussian, Laws and Gabor kernels, separable and nonseparable wavelets (including decomposed forms), and Riesz transformations. In the first phase, 15 teams used digital phantoms to establish 33 reference filtered images of 36 filter configurations. In phase 2, 11 teams used a chest CT image to derive reference values for 323 of 396 features computed from filtered images using 22 filter and image processing configurations. Reference filtered images and feature values for Riesz transformations were not established. Reproducibility of standardized convolutional filters was validated on a public data set of multimodal imaging (CT, fluorodeoxyglucose PET, and T1-weighted MRI) in 51 patients with soft-tissue sarcoma. At validation, reproducibility of 486 features computed from filtered images using nine configurations × three imaging modalities was assessed using the lower bounds of 95% CIs of intraclass correlation coefficients. Out of 486 features, 458 were found to be reproducible across nine teams with lower bounds of 95% CIs of intraclass correlation coefficients greater than 0.75. In conclusion, eight filter types were standardized with reference filtered images and reference feature values for verifying and calibrating radiomics software packages. A web-based tool is available for compliance checking.
Indexed as
Image Processing, Computer-AssistedRadiomicsBiomarkersHumansMultimodal ImagingReproducibility of ResultsBiomarkers
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