ReviewFrontiers in immunology2024
The α-Gal epitope - the cause of a global allergic disease.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed.
- [Alpha-gal syndrome in microcystic adnexal carcinoma].Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2026Review
- Perioperative Considerations for Alpha-Gal Syndrome: A Literature Review and Single-Center Experience in a Highly Endemic Area.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- IgE And IgG Antibody Responses to α-Gal and Association With Carotid Stenosis in Swedish Patients.Allergy · 2026Article
- Anti-nephrin antibodies are not enriched in patients with primary and posttransplant recurrent podocytopathies.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Observational
- Article
- Major Cat Allergen Fel d 4: Structure and Identification of a Cross-Reactive IgE-Epitope-Containing Area.Allergy · 2026Article
- Alpha-gal sensitization and allergic transfusion reactions: a scoping review protocol.Systematic reviews · 2026Article
- Linear Epitope-Mediated Immunological Cross-Reactivity in Livestock Product Allergens.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- IgE to Galactose-α-1,3-Galactose (α-Gal) and Relevance to Ustekinumab First-Dose Infusion Reactions and Allergenicity.JGH open : an open access journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Article
- Meat allergy: Specific reactions to chicken, beef, pork, and alternative protein sources.Asia Pacific allergy · 2026Review
- Misdiagnosis of alpha-gal syndrome as non-celiac gluten sensitivity or lactose intolerance: A diagnostic blind spot for clinicians.World journal of gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Allergic reactions associated with tsetse fly bites.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Ticked Off: Allergic Effector Cells in the Pathogenesis of Alpha-gal Syndrome.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2025Review
- Enhanced Detection of αGal Using a Novel Monoclonal IgG1 Antibody: Comparative Evaluation with IgM Antibody [Clone M86].Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- The Role ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Living close to the forest is a risk factor for galactose-α-1,3-galactose sensitization.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global · 2025Article
- A Review of Alpha-Gal Syndrome for the Infectious Diseases Practitioner.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Pre-clinical strategies and emerging technologies driving advances in the alpha-gal syndrome.Allergology international : official journal of the Japanese Society of Allergology · 2025Review
- Effects of Polypropylene and Polyethylene Terephthalate Microplastics on Trypsin Structure and Function.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) epitope is the cause of a global allergic disease, the α-Gal syndrome (AGS). It is a severe form of allergy to food and products of mammalian origin where IgE against the mammalian carbohydrate, α-Gal, is the cause of the allergic reactions. Allergic reactions triggered by parenterally administered α-Gal sources appear immediately, but those triggered via the oral route appear with a latency of several hours. The α-Gal epitope is highly immunogenic to humans, apes and old-world monkeys, all of which produce anti-α-Gal antibodies of the IgM, IgA and IgG subclasses. Strong evidence suggests that in susceptible individuals, class switch to IgE occurs after several tick bites. In this review, we discuss the strong immunogenic role of the α-Gal epitope and its structural resemblance to the blood type B antigen. We emphasize the broad abundance of α-Gal in different foods and pharmaceuticals and the allergenicity of various α-Gal containing molecules. We give an overview of the association of tick bites with the development of AGS and describe innate and adaptive immune response to tick saliva that possibly leads to sensitization to α-Gal. We further discuss a currently favored hypothesis explaining the mechanisms of the delayed effector phase of the allergic reaction to α-Gal. We highlight AGS from a clinical point of view. We review the different clinical manifestations of the disease and the prevalence of sensitization to α-Gal and AGS. The usefulness of various diagnostic tests is discussed. Finally, we provide different aspects of the management of AGS. With climate change and global warming, the tick density is increasing, and their geographic range is expanding. Thus, more people will be affected by AGS which requires more knowledge of the disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.