Advanced framework for epilepsy detection through image-based EEG signal analysis.

Background: Recurrent and unpredictable seizures characterize epilepsy, a neurological disorder affecting millions worldwide. Epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for timely treatment and better outcomes. Electroencephalography (EEG) time-series data analysis is essential for epilepsy diagnosis and surveillance. Complex signal processing methods used in traditional EEG analysis are computationally demanding and difficult to generalize across patients. Researchers are using machine learning to improve epilepsy detection, particularly visual feature extraction from EEG time-series data. Objective: This study examines the application of a Gramian Angular Summation Field (GASF) approach for the analysis of EEG signals. Additionally, it explores the utilization of image features, specifically the Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF (ORB) techniques, for the purpose of epilepsy detection in EEG data. Methods: The proposed methodology encompasses the transformation of EEG signals into images based on GASF, followed by the extraction of features utilizing SIFT and ORB techniques, and ultimately, the selection of relevant features. A state-of-the-art machine learning classifier is employed to classify GASF images into two categories: normal EEG patterns and focal EEG patterns. Bern-Barcelona EEG recordings were used to test the proposed method. Results: This method classifies EEG signals with 96% accuracy using SIFT features and 94% using ORB features. The Random Forest (RF) classifier surpasses state-of-the-art approaches in precision, recall, F1-score, specificity, and Area Under Curve (AUC). The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve shows that Random Forest outperforms Support Vector Machine (SVM) and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) classifiers. Significance: The suggested method has many advantages over time-series EEG data analysis and machine learning classifiers used in epilepsy detection studies. A novel image-based preprocessing pipeline using GASF for robust image synthesis and SIFT and ORB for feature extraction is presented here. The study found that the suggested method can accurately discriminate between normal and focal EEG signals, improving patient outcomes through early and accurate epilepsy diagnosis.