ArticleBiological psychiatry2024
Frontal Norepinephrine Represents a Threat Prediction Error Under Uncertainty.
Article in Biological psychiatry, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Next-generation multicolor indicators for in vivo imaging of norepinephrine.Nature methods · 2026Article
- Dopamine Responses in Medial Frontal Cortex Are More Consistent with a Generalized Arousal Signal Than Signed Reward Prediction Errors.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
- Identification of conserved frontal neurophysiological markers of cognitive flexibility in humans and rats.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Alpha-2 agonism in the locus coeruleus impairs learning driven by negative prediction error.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Monoaminergic Modulation of Learning and Cognitive Function in the Prefrontal Cortex.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Event boundaries drive norepinephrine release and distinctive neural representations of space in the rodent hippocampus.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Inputs to the locus coeruleus from the periaqueductal gray and rostroventral medulla shape opioid-mediated descending pain modulation.Science advances · 2024Article
- Shining light on the noradrenergic system.Neurophotonics · 2023Review
- The locus coeruleus broadcasts prediction errors across the cortex to promote sensorimotor plasticity.eLife · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTo adapt to threats in the environment, animals must predict them and engage in defensive behavior. While the representation of a prediction error signal for reward has been linked to dopamine, a neuromodulatory prediction error for aversive learning has not been identified.
methodsWe measured and manipulated norepinephrine release during threat learning using optogenetics and a novel fluorescent norepinephrine sensor.
resultsWe found that norepinephrine response to conditioned stimuli reflects aversive memory strength. When delays between auditory stimuli and footshock are introduced, norepinephrine acts as a prediction error signal. However, temporal difference prediction errors do not fully explain norepinephrine dynamics. To explain noradrenergic signaling, we used an updated reinforcement learning model with uncertainty about time and found that it explained norepinephrine dynamics across learning and variations in temporal and auditory task structure.
conclusionsNorepinephrine thus combines cognitive and affective information into a predictive signal and links time with the anticipation of danger.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.