ArticleArchives of Iranian medicine2023
National and Provincial Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking in Iran; A Systematic Analysis of 12 Years of STEPS Experience.
Article in Archives of Iranian medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Gastric Cancer Incidence in Iran: Trends and Projections to 2030 based on Global Burden of Disease 2021 Estimates.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2026Article
- Perceived risk of developing lung cancer and its association with nicotine dependence and smoking behavior among adults who smoke in Golestan Province, Iran.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Demographic and metabolic risk factors for non-communicable diseases in Iran: insights from a prospective cohort study.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Mitigating the risks: addressing smoking cessation in thyroid eye disease.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2025Article
- The relationship between healthy lifestyle score and incident cardiovascular disease: results from Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS).Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Estimating the Direct Medical Costs of Smoking-Attributable Non-communicable Diseases in Northeastern Iran From 2015 to 2023.Tobacco use insights · 2025Article
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15 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundSmoking is a modifiable risk factor for six of the eight leading causes of death. Despite the great burden, there is lack of data regarding the trend of cigarette smoking in Iran. We described the national and provincial prevalence of cigarette smoking and its 12-year time trend utilizing six rounds of Iranian stepwise approach for surveillance of non-communicable disease (STEPS) surveys.
methodsWe gathered data from six STEPS surveys done in 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, and 2016 in Iran. To estimate the data of missing years, we used two separate statistical models including the mixed model and spatio-temporal analysis.
resultsThe overall prevalence rate of cigarette smoking was 14.65% (12.81‒16.59) in 2005 and 10.63% (9.00‒12.57) in 2016 in Iran. The prevalence of cigarette smoking in 2005 and 2016 was 25.15% (23.18‒27.11) and 19.95% (17.93%‒21.97%) for men and 4.13% (2.43‒6.05) and 1.31% (0.06-3.18) for women, respectively. The prevalence of smoking in different provinces of Iran ranged from 20.73% (19.09‒22.47) to 9.67% (8.24‒11.34) in 2005 and from 15.34% (13.68‒17.12) to 6.41% (5.31‒7.94) in 2016. The overall trend of smoking was downward, which was true for both sexes and all 31 provinces. The declining annual percent change (APC) of the prevalence trend was -2.87% in total population, -9.91% in women, and -2.08% in men from 2005 to 2016.
conclusionAlthough the prevalence of smoking had a decreasing trend in Iran, this trend showed disparities among sexes and provinces and this epidemiological data can be used to modify smoking prevention programs.
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