ArticleMaternal and child health journal2024
The Association of Racism and Discrimination in Disparities of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in the United States: An Analysis of PRAMS Data.
Article in Maternal and child health journal, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Structural racism as a fundamental cause of health inequities: a scoping review.International journal for equity in health · 2025Pooled it
- Racial Disparities and Comorbidities: Network Analysis of Maternal Outcomes in Alabama.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Experiences of Discrimination and DNA Methylation Among Black Nulliparous Women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Experiences of discrimination, paternal support, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in the MIEHR study, Houston, Texas.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- Self-reported experiences of interpersonal racial discrimination and maternal and neonatal health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Review
- PREGNANCY DISORDERS AND MATERNAL CONSEQUENCES: Ethnic disparities in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2025Review
- Racism and Postpartum Blood Pressure in a Multiethnic Prospective Cohort.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2025Article
- A systematic review of the relationship between neighborhood stressors, discrimination, and cardiometabolic outcomes during pregnancy.npj women's health · 2025Article
- Review
- Race and class in big data.Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG · 2024Article
- The Impact of Frequency of Cannabis Use on Hypertensive Disorders During Pregnancy.Journal of addiction medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a leading cause of maternal mortality. Racial disparities in maternal outcomes such as maternal mortality in the United States (US) are well-documented, but the relationship of racism and/or discrimination with one's risk of developing a hypertension during pregnancy (HDP) is not well-studied.
methodsData from 17 sites that asked questions regarding experiences with racism and/or discrimination during pregnancy via the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) Phase 8 (2016-2020) was used. Logistic regression models were used compare the potential of stress induced HDP from perceived experiences of racism and/or discrimination versus the effect of systemic racism and/or discrimination (in healthcare settings and generally) on racial disparities in HDP diagnosis.
resultsAmong 9,907 live births, 18% of participants reported they were diagnosed with hypertension during pregnancy, with non-Hispanic Black individuals having the highest rate (21.8%). Regarding experiences of racism and/or discrimination, 76.4% of participants responded "yes", with all races/ethnicities studied here except non-Hispanic White individuals responding "yes" at rates higher than 89%. Perceived experiences of racism and/or discrimination did not statistically significantly affect one's odds of being diagnosed with HDP (OR = 0.94, CI: 0.74, 1.20). The disparity in odds of having hypertension during pregnancy between Non-Hispanic Black individuals and non-Hispanic White individuals was not statistically significant when perceived experiences of racism and/or discrimination were included in the model.
conclusionsExperiences of racism and/or discrimination drive racial disparities in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS: It is vital to eliminate racist and discriminatory practices and behaviors to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.
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Registered trials
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