ArticleDiabetology & metabolic syndrome2024
Current and past depression as risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes in men and women: evidence from a longitudinal community cohort.
Article in Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- eHealth Literacy and Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Among At-Risk Populations: Mechanistic Systematic Review Using Theory-Driven Thematic Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Unveiling the relationship of the comorbidity between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a macro analysis and micro interpretation.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Navigating Prediabetes in a Foreign Country: A Qualitative Study of Self-Management Experiences Among Chinese-Speaking Immigrants in Australia.Journal of advanced nursing · 2026Article
- Depression Risk in Type 1 Versus Type 2 Diabetes: Cross-Sectional Analysis of Body Mass Index (BMI) in a Nationally Diverse Cohort.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Article
- The Potential Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Depression: Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- Psychiatric Comorbidity, Functional Status, and Neuroinflammatory Pathways in Cancer Patients with and Without Type 2 Diabetes.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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13 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
backgroundDepression is associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, depression may take different courses, and it is not fully understood how these affect the development of diabetes. It is further to be determined whether sex modifies the association between depression and type 2 diabetes.
methodsWe analyzed data from the Gutenberg Health Study, a longitudinal and population-based cohort study (N = 15,010) in Germany. Depressive symptoms (measured by PHQ-9), history of depression, diabetes mellitus, and relevant covariates were assessed at baseline, and the outcomes of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus were evaluated 5 years later. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios of incident prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus, adjusting for potential confounders as identified in a Directed Acyclic Graph.
resultsIn the confounder adjusted model, current depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10 at baseline; OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.74, p = 0.011), and persistent depression had a statistically significant (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.62 to 3.54, p = 0.005) effect on incident type 2 diabetes mellitus. A history of depression without current depression had no statistically significant effect on type 2 diabetes (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.68 to 1.43, p = 0.999). The effect of depression on incident diabetes did not differ significantly between women (OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.32 to 3.09) and men (OR = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.41 to 3.31; p-value for interaction on the multiplicative scale p = 0.832 and on the additive scale p = 0.149). Depression did not have a significant effect on incident prediabetes.
conclusionThis study shows how the history and trajectory of depression shape the risk for diabetes. This raises interesting questions on the cumulative effects of depression trajectories on diabetes and body metabolism in general. Depression can negatively affect physical health, contributing to increased morbidity and mortality in people with mental disorders.
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