ReviewFrontiers in behavioral neuroscience2023
Exploring the role of inflammation in major depressive disorder: beyond the monoamine hypothesis.
Review in Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploration of current situation of psychotropic drugs research and development in China based on drug clinical trials.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of InhaledPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A novel multi-aptamer electrospun nanofibrous membrane for simultaneous selective extraction of monoamine neurotransmitters and determination in biological samples by LC-MS.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Development and validation of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with LC-MS/MS for plasma 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid quantification with application as a biomarker in major depressive disorder.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Recent Advances in the Brain-Gut Axis in the Development and Progression of Depression.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2026Review
- Review
- Integrated Chemical, In Silico, and Functional Neurobehavioral Evaluation of Three Essential Oils in Acute Anxiety- and Depression-Related Mouse Models.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Continuous Alterations in the Gut Microbial Landscape Associated With Suicidal Ideation in First-Episode Drug-naïve Major Depressive Disorder.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Shared Immunogenetic Basis Between Spleen Volume and Psychiatric Disorders.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2026Article
- New Strategies for Treating Depression with Chinese Medicine: Focusing on NLRP3-Mediated Mechanisms.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2026Review
- Investigation of the effects of desvenlafaxine on pro-inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-stimulated macrophage cells.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammatory changes in acute myeloid leukemia: Evidence for blood-brain barrier disruption and glial activation.HemaSphere · 2026Article
- Research Progress on the Biological Function and Homeostatic Disruption of Microglia in the Pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorder.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Review
- Cytokines and cognitive function in first-episode drug-naïve MDD: an inflammation panel perspective.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Neuro-Immune Crosstalk: Molecular Mechanisms, Biological Functions, Diseases, and Therapeutic Targets.MedComm · 2026Review
- Integrated Microbiome and Metabolomic Profiling to Identify Potential Biomarkers of Major Depressive Disorder.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Heart-Brain Axis Dysregulation in Depression: Mechanisms and Implications for Neuromodulation.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Review
- Neuroinflammation and treatment resistance in major depressive disorder.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Duloxetine ameliorates chronic stress-induced depressive behaviors by normalizing hippocampal SIK2-CRTC1 signaling.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- The relationship between the Charlson Comorbidity Index and anorexia in older adults: the mediating role of depressive symptoms.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Major depressive disorder affects approximately 8.4% of the United States population. The World Health Organization estimates that 280 million adults worldwide are suffering from depression. They have estimated that by 2030 it will be the second most serious condition. Current treatment relies on the monoamine hypothesis, however, one-third of patients with MDD do not respond to monoamine-based antidepressants. For years, it was hypothesized that the primary pathway of MDD involved serotonin as the main neurotransmitter. The monoamine hypothesis, a widely accepted theory, sought to explain the biological basis of MDD as being caused by the depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters, namely norepinephrine and serotonin. This hypothesis regarding monoamines as the pathophysiological basis of MDD led to the design and widespread use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. However, given that only one-third of patients improve with SSRI it is reasonable to infer that the pathway involved is more complex than once hypothesized and there are more neurotransmitters, receptors, and molecules involved. The monoamine hypothesis does not explain why there is a delay in the onset of effect and action of SSRIs. Several studies have demonstrated that chronic stress is a risk factor for the development of MDD. Thus the monoamine hypothesis alone is not enough to fully account for the pathophysiology of MDD highlighting the need for further research involving the pathways of MDD. In this paper, we review the role of inflammation and cytokines on MDD and discuss other pathways involved in the development and persistence of depressive symptoms.
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