ArticleBiological psychiatry global open science2024
The Role of Microglia in Sex- and Region-Specific Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity During Nicotine Withdrawal.
Article in Biological psychiatry global open science, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- The neuroimmune-glutamate hypothesis of addiction.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2026Review
- Nicotine self-administration suppresses both pro- and anti-inflammatory accumbens cytokines but does not induce apoptosis in female rats.Addiction neuroscience · 2026Article
- Utility of the Recombinase Driver CX3CR1-ERT2 Rat Strain in Nicotine Self-Administration.Cells · 2026Article
- PLX3397 Reshapes Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Independent of Microglial Depletion.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- Not just neurons: glial mechanisms driving sex-specific vulnerability to withdrawal and relapse in substance use disorder.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2026Review
- Nicotine-Mediated Alterations in Exosome Content: Implications for Stroke and Neurological Dysfunction.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Stress-induced dysfunction of neurovascular astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex contributes to sex-dependent deficits in cognition and behavior.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Article
- Sex-dependent differences in the ability of nicotine to modulate discrimination learning and cognitive flexibility in mice.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Article
- Nicotine is an Immunosuppressant: Implications for Women's Health and Disease.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2024Review
- Apocynin Prevents Cigarette Smoke-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior and Preserves Microglial Profiles in Male Mice.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Something to talk about; crosstalk disruption at the neurovascular unit during HIV infection of the CNS.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2024Article
- Stress-induced dysfunction of neurovascular astrocytes contributes to sex-specific behavioral deficits.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease in the United States, with <5% of quit attempts being successful. Microglia activation and proinflammatory neuroimmune signaling in reward neurocircuitry are implicated in nicotine withdrawal symptomology. Microglia are integral regulators of blood-brain barrier (BBB) functionality as well; however, whether the effects of nicotine withdrawal on microglia function impact BBB integrity is unknown. Methods: Mice were treated with chronic nicotine (12 mg/kg/day) and subjected to 48 hours nicotine withdrawal. Regional BBB permeability, together with messenger RNA and protein expression of tight junction proteins, were assessed. PLX5622 chow was used to deplete microglia to evaluate the role of microglia in regulating BBB integrity and nicotine withdrawal symptomology. Results: Female mice had higher baseline BBB permeability in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus than males. Nicotine withdrawal further exacerbated the BBB permeability selectively in the prefrontal cortex of females. These effects were concurrent with prefrontal cortex alterations in a subset of tight junction proteins with increased proinflammatory responses following nicotine withdrawal in females. Depletion of microglia via PLX5622 treatment prevented all these molecular effects and attenuated withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in female mice. Conclusions: These results are the first to show sex differences in regional BBB permeability during nicotine withdrawal. This represents a possible link to both the reduced smoking cessation success seen in women and women's increased risk for smoking-related neurovascular disorders. Furthermore, these findings open an avenue for sex-specific therapeutics that target microglia and BBB dysfunction during nicotine withdrawal in women.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.