A Case of Fatal Non-Clostridial Gas Gangrene Following Intramuscular Injection: A Diagnostic Challenge and Dilemma at Autopsy.

Introduction: Gas Gangrene following intramuscular injection is a rare but serious condition that can lead to morbidity and mortality. This case conveys a severe and fatal complication following intramuscular injections of diclofenac and vitamin B12 in a diabetic patient. Case Report: The patient developed pain and swelling in the left buttock after the injection of vitamin B12 and Diclofenac one on each buttock which worsened over time. He was diagnosed with gas gangrene when he presented to the emergency department. The blood culture identified Klebsiella pneumonia. The patient's condition rapidly deteriorated, leading to sepsis and acute kidney injury. Despite intensive care management, the patient succumbed five days after admission. At autopsy, gas gangrene of the left lower limb was evident on external examination. Histopathological examination confirmed the acute tubular damage in the kidney and the postmortem blood culture also grew Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterobacter cloacae. The cause of death was determined to be acute tubular necrosis as a result of sepsis due to non-clostridial gas gangrene. Conclusion: This instance of gas gangrene following trivial trauma poses a challenge for the forensic pathologist in establishing the causal association and in determining the causative organism. These are important when medical/surgical intervention is in question to be the cause of a fatal infection like gas gangrene. Ante-mortem/postmortem blood culture can aid in defining the causative organism of gas gangrene but the causal association with the alleged trauma/insult is still a challenge at autopsy. This case report addresses and tries to overcome the diagnostic challenges and dilemmas at autopsy in a case of gas gangrene.