ReviewJournal of physiological anthropology2024
The influence of the environment and lifestyle on myopia.
Review in Journal of physiological anthropology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 148 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biological mechanisms of atropine in myopia control (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Pooled it
- Exposure-response association between outdoor activity time and myopia risk in Chinese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of myopia in Chinese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of repeated low-level red-light therapy for myopia management in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Exercise and visual training interventions for myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review with a focus on near-far accommodation.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Influence of outdoor time on the spherical equivalent and axial length in childhood myopia: A meta-analysis.Acta ophthalmologica · 2025Pooled it
- Association of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, sleep and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of spectacle lenses specifically designed for myopia control: systematic review and meta-analysis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of repeated low-level red light therapy on myopia progression in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Bidirectional Relationship Between Myopia and Mental Disorders.Depression and anxiety · 2025Pooled it
- Light Therapy for Myopia Prevention and Control: A Systematic Review on Effectiveness, Safety, and Implementation.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of Repeated Low-Level Red Light Versus 0.01% Topical Atropine on Myopia Progression: A Randomized Crossover-Controlled Trial.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Trial
- The growing burden of myopia in Europe: evidence from population-based cohorts.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Neuroeconomics and myopia prevention: A framework for public health intervention.Acta ophthalmologica · 2026Review
- Global and Regional Burden of Refraction Disorders In Children, Adolescents and Young Adults from 1990 to 2021: Trends, Inequalities and Future Predictions with Machine Learning.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Trend of Myopia Incidence Among Adolescents (2018-2025) in Senior High School: An 8-Year Retrospective Study in Multi-Regions of China, With Projections to 2030.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Acute Ocular Effects of Violet and Red Light Exposure in Young Adults.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Progression of myopia among undergraduate students of Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Effect of full spectrum indoor lighting on myopia progression in school-aged children: a prospective cohort study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Interocular differential axial growth and refractive progression in children with myopic anisometropia treated with spectacle lenses with highly aspherical lenslets.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMyopia, commonly known as near-sightedness, has emerged as a global epidemic, impacting almost one in three individuals across the world. The increasing prevalence of myopia during early childhood has heightened the risk of developing high myopia and related sight-threatening eye conditions in adulthood. This surge in myopia rates, occurring within a relatively stable genetic framework, underscores the profound influence of environmental and lifestyle factors on this condition. In this comprehensive narrative review, we shed light on both established and potential environmental and lifestyle contributors that affect the development and progression of myopia. MAIN BODY: Epidemiological and interventional research has consistently revealed a compelling connection between increased outdoor time and a decreased risk of myopia in children. This protective effect may primarily be attributed to exposure to the characteristics of natural light (i.e., sunlight) and the release of retinal dopamine. Conversely, irrespective of outdoor time, excessive engagement in near work can further worsen the onset of myopia. While the exact mechanisms behind this exacerbation are not fully comprehended, it appears to involve shifts in relative peripheral refraction, the overstimulation of accommodation, or a complex interplay of these factors, leading to issues like retinal image defocus, blur, and chromatic aberration. Other potential factors like the spatial frequency of the visual environment, circadian rhythm, sleep, nutrition, smoking, socio-economic status, and education have debatable independent influences on myopia development.
conclusionThe environment exerts a significant influence on the development and progression of myopia. Improving the modifiable key environmental predictors like time spent outdoors and engagement in near work can prevent or slow the progression of myopia. The intricate connections between lifestyle and environmental factors often obscure research findings, making it challenging to disentangle their individual effects. This complexity underscores the necessity for prospective studies that employ objective assessments, such as quantifying light exposure and near work, among others. These studies are crucial for gaining a more comprehensive understanding of how various environmental factors can be modified to prevent or slow the progression of myopia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.