SynthesisBMC ophthalmology2024
Prevalence of dry eye and Meibomian gland dysfunction in Central and South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMC ophthalmology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of dry eye disease in African populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- Global Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease in Medical Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Article
- Environmental Drivers of Dry Eye Disease: A Narrative Review of Pollutants, Climate, and Indoor Exposures with Practice Recommendations.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Review
- Sleep quality as a mediator between perceived stress and dry eye severity among Chinese nurses.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Sex as Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease in a Cohort of Norwegian 65-year-Olds: A Cross-Sectional Study.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Temperature, Humidity and Regional Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease in Argentina.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- A Comprehensive Review Comparing Artificial Intelligence and Clinical Diagnostic Approaches for Dry Eye Disease.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Emerging Age-Specific Therapeutic Approaches for Dry Eye Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The role of childhood overweight in meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye disease in Chinese children.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Anterior segment alterations in fibromyalgia syndrome: a cross-sectional study on dry eye disease, meibomian gland dysfunction, and astigmatism.Rheumatology international · 2025Article
- Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye symptoms in Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Prevalence of dry eye symptoms and associated risk factors among students at Al-Mustaqbal University, Iraq.PloS one · 2025Article
- Associations of Sleep Duration and Social Jetlag with Dry Eye Disease in Chinese School-Aged Children and Adolescents.Nature and science of sleep · 2025Article
- Advanced Biomaterials for Lacrimal Tissue Engineering: A Review.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Understanding the Dry Eye Disease-Related Symptoms in South America: Prevalence and Associated Factors-A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDry eye is one of the most common ophthalmic conditions and can significantly impact quality of life. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a major cause of evaporative dry eye. We sought to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence and incidence of dry eye and MGD in Central and South America and to identify factors associated with disease burden.
methodsData sources Ovid MEDLINE and Embase. STUDY SELECTION: A search conducted on August 16, 2021, identified studies published between January 1, 2010, and August 16, 2021, with no restrictions regarding participant age or language of publication. Case reports, case series, case-control studies, and interventional studies were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: The review was based on a protocol registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021256934). Risk of bias was assessed in duplicate using a risk of bias tool designed for the purposes of descriptive epidemiological studies. Data were extracted by one investigator and verified by another for accuracy. Prevalence of dry eye and MGD were grouped based on study participant characteristics. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Prevalence and incidence of dry eye and MGD in Central and South America. Summary estimates from meta-analysis with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
resultsFourteen studies (11,594 total participants) were included. The population prevalence of dry eye was 13% (95% CI, 12%-14%) in Brazil and 41% (95% CI, 39%-44%) in Mexico based on one study each. Meta-analyses suggested that dry eye prevalence was 70% among indoor workers (95% CI, 56%-80%; I
conclusionsThis systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated considerable variation in the published prevalence of dry eye and MGD among the general population and subpopulations in Central and South America. Local and subpopulation estimates of dry eye disease burden may be valuable to assist needs assessments and implementation of measures to mitigate the condition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.