ReviewNeurourology and urodynamics2025
Is there evidence for pelvic floor muscle relaxation training in nonneurogenic female bladder outlet obstruction?-A narrative review.
Review in Neurourology and urodynamics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 citations in OpenAlex.
- Surface Electromyography Characteristics of Pelvic Floor Muscles in Healthy Women, Pelvic Floor Dyssynergia, and Urinary Incontinence: A Retrospective Comparative Study.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Article
- Is there evidence for pelvic floor muscle relaxation training in nonneurogenic female bladder outlet obstruction?-A narrative review.Neurourology and urodynamics · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionFunctional bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in women is postulated to be caused by pelvic floor muscle (PFM) dyssynergia or increased tone. The aim of the present review was to investigate the effect of PFM relaxation training on PFM tone and female BOO symptoms. MATERIALS AND
methodsThis was a narrative review using an open search strategy on PubMed with the search terms "Bladder outlet obstruction" AND "female" AND ("pelvic floor muscles" OR "Kegel"). The risk of bias of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was scored with the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (0-10).
resultsOnly three RCTs were found. All three RCTs compared different types of exercise, and no trial compared relaxation training with no or sham treatment. None of the trials reported the effect between groups on the reduction of PFM tone. There was a tendency toward positive effect of PFM relaxation training to improve BOO symptoms in women. PEDro score varied between 4 and 7. Few studies yielded information on the immediate effect of any type of PFM relaxation technique on PFM tone.
conclusionFew RCTs have been conducted on the effect of PFM relaxation training on PFM tone and functional female BOO symptoms. There is an urgent need for RCTs with high methodological and interventional quality in addition to basic research on mechanisms of different relaxation techniques on PFM activity.
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