Observational studyBMC infectious diseases2024
Factors associated with immunological non-response after ART initiation: a retrospective observational cohort study.
Observational study in BMC infectious diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Papillomavirus-Related Cancer in People With HIV and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Article
- Delayed ART initiation and poor immune reconstitution among drug-using HIV patients in two hospitals in China: a retrospective cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Anelloviruses: From General Biology to Their Role as Biomarkers of Immune Competence in HIV Infection.Viruses · 2026Review
- Metabolic dysbiosis as a predictor of immunological non-response among people living with HIV.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Immune recovery following switch from EFV-based regimens to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in virologically suppressed immunological non-responders: a 144-week real-world cohort study in China.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Negative influence of age and low baseline CD4 on T helper cell recovery among HIV-infected individuals with fixed-dose combination of tenofovir disoproxil, lamivudine and dolutegravir.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Defining and Predicting HIV Immunological Non-Response: A Multi-Definition Analysis from an Indonesian Cohort.Viruses · 2025Article
- Article
- Patterns of immune recovery in people living with HIV who initiated antiretroviral therapy as late presenters.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Factors mediating and associated with immunological response in women living with HIV in Sweden: A nationwide register-based study.HIV medicine · 2025Article
- Adherence and Cost-Utility Analysis of Antiretroviral Treatment in People Living with HIV in a Specialized Clinic in Mexico City.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Impact of Hepatitis B and/or C on Liver Function and on the Response to Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-Infected Patients: A Romanian Cohort Study.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cytokine profiles and CD4 counts in HIV-positive individuals with cysticercosis: implications for sex-specific immune responses in co-endemic regions of Tanzania.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAmong people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART), the mortality of immunological non-responders (INRs) is higher than that of immunological responders (IRs). However, factors associated with immunological non-response following ART are not well documented.
methodsWe obtained data for HIV patients from the National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program database in China. Patients were grouped into IRs (CD4 cell count ≥ 350 cells/μl after 24 months' treatment), immunological incomplete responders (ICRs) (200-350 cells/μl) and INRs (< 200 cells/μl). Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with immunological non-response.
resultsA total of 3900 PLHIV were included, among whom 2309 (59.2%) were IRs, 1206 (30.9%) ICRs and 385 (9.9%) INRs. In multivariable analysis, immunological non-response was associated with being male (2.07, 1.39-3.09), older age [40-49 years (vs. 18-29 years): 2.05, 1.29-3.25; 50-59 years: 4.04, 2.33-7.00; ≥ 60 years: 5.51, 2.84-10.67], HBV co-infection (1.63, 1.14-2.34), HCV co-infection (2.01, 1.01-4.02), lower CD4 + T cell count [50-200 cells/μl (vs. 200-350 cells/μl): 40.20, 16.83-96.01; < 50 cells/μl: 215.67, 85.62-543.26] and lower CD4/CD8 ratio (2.93, 1.98-4.34) at baseline. Compared with patients treated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) based regimens, those receiving protease inhibitors (PIs) based regimens were less likely to be INRs (0.47, 0.26-0.82).
conclusionsWe found a sizable immunological non-response rate among HIV-infected patients. Being male, older age, coinfection with HBV and HCV, lower CD4 + T cell count and lower CD4/CD8 ratio are risk factors of immunological non-response, whereas PIs-based regimens is a protective factor.
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