ArticleApplied clinical informatics2024
Improving Immunization Health Care Data Quality using Two-Dimensional Barcoding and Barcode Scanning Practices.
Article in Applied clinical informatics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Spectral-structured matrix code: The first optical code that does not look like a code.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundManual data entry is time-consuming, inefficient, and error prone. In contrast, leveraging two-dimensional (2D) barcodes and barcode scanning tools is a rapid and effective practice for automatically entering vaccine data accurately and completely. CDC pilots documented clinical and public health impacts of 2D barcode scanning practices on data quality and completeness, time savings, workflow efficiencies, and staff experience.
objectivesData entry practices and entered records from routine and mass vaccination settings were analyzed. Data quality improvement opportunities were identified.
methodsA sample of 50 million emergency use authorization (EUA) coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine records were analyzed for accuracy and completeness across three data fields: lot number, expiration date, and National Drug Code (NDC). The EUA COVID-19 vaccines lacked a 2D barcode containing these data fields, which necessitated manual data entry at administration. A CDC pilot at clinic compared scanned and manually entered data for routine vaccines across these same data fields.
resultsAnalysis of 50 million manually entered EUA COVID-19 vaccine administration records indicated significant gaps in data accuracy and completeness across three data fields. Over half of the analyzed EUA vaccine NDCs (53%) and one-third of the expiration dates (35%) had missing or inaccurate data recorded. Pilot data also showed many errors when manually entered. However, when the pilot's routine vaccines were scanned (out of 71,969 records), nearly all entries were complete and accurate across all three data fields (ranging from 99.7% to 99.999% accurate).
conclusionVaccine 2D barcode scanning practices increased data accuracy and completeness (up to 99.999% accurate) across data fields assessed. When used consistently, vaccine 2D barcode scanning can resolve issues demonstrated in manually entered data. To realize these benefits, the immunization community should widely use scanning practices. To increase use, CDC developed a Vaccine 2D Barcode National Adoption Strategy and implementation resources.
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