ArticleBMC biology2024
Analysis of five near-complete genome assemblies of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum uncovers additional accessory chromosomes and structural variations induced by transposable elements effecting the loss of avirulence genes.
Article in BMC biology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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7 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome reshaping by Helitron transposons in Fusarium oxysporum TR4 affects secondary metabolism but not virulence.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Evolution of genomic architecture of the plant-pathogenic fungusMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- The poplar pathogenMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- Transcriptome analysis of two isolates of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, uncovers genome-wide patterns of alternative splicing during a host infection cycle.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Full-length transcriptome characterization and analysis of Carrizo Citrange and molecular insights into pathogen defense.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2024Article
- Pangenome graph analysis reveals extensive effector copy-number variation in spinach downy mildew.PLoS genetics · 2024Article
- Unraveling the genomic diversity and virulence of human fungal pathogens through pangenomics.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
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2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundFungal plant pathogens have dynamic genomes that allow them to rapidly adapt to adverse conditions and overcome host resistance. One way by which this dynamic genome plasticity is expressed is through effector gene loss, which enables plant pathogens to overcome recognition by cognate resistance genes in the host. However, the exact nature of these loses remains elusive in many fungi. This includes the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, which is the first fungal plant pathogen from which avirulence (Avr) genes were ever cloned and in which loss of Avr genes is often reported as a means of overcoming recognition by cognate tomato Cf resistance genes. A recent near-complete reference genome assembly of C. fulvum isolate Race 5 revealed a compartmentalized genome architecture and the presence of an accessory chromosome, thereby creating a basis for studying genome plasticity in fungal plant pathogens and its impact on avirulence genes.
resultsHere, we obtained near-complete genome assemblies of four additional C. fulvum isolates. The genome assemblies had similar sizes (66.96 to 67.78 Mb), number of predicted genes (14,895 to 14,981), and estimated completeness (98.8 to 98.9%). Comparative analysis that included the genome of isolate Race 5 revealed high levels of synteny and colinearity, which extended to the density and distribution of repetitive elements and of repeat-induced point (RIP) mutations across homologous chromosomes. Nonetheless, structural variations, likely mediated by transposable elements and effecting the deletion of the avirulence genes Avr4E, Avr5, and Avr9, were also identified. The isolates further shared a core set of 13 chromosomes, but two accessory chromosomes were identified as well. Accessory chromosomes were significantly smaller in size, and one carried pseudogenized copies of two effector genes. Whole-genome alignments further revealed genomic islands of near-zero nucleotide diversity interspersed with islands of high nucleotide diversity that co-localized with repeat-rich regions. These regions were likely generated by RIP, which generally asymmetrically affected the genome of C. fulvum.
conclusionsOur results reveal new evolutionary aspects of the C. fulvum genome and provide new insights on the importance of genomic structural variations in overcoming host resistance in fungal plant pathogens.
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