Treating periprocedural bleeding in patients with cirrhosis.

Patients with cirrhosis are known to have an abnormal coagulation status, which is a particular concern when planning invasive procedures in which blood loss is possible or predictable. Careful consideration must be given to the bleeding risk for each individual patient and coagulation management strategies should be established in advance of procedural interventions, where possible. Perioperative clinical decision-making should utilize viscoelastic testing in addition to usual assessments, where possible, and focus on the well-established three pillars of patient blood management: optimization of erythropoiesis, minimization of bleeding and blood loss, and management of anemia. Restrictive transfusion policies, careful hemostatic monitoring, and a proactive approach to predicting and preventing bleeding on an individual patient basis should be central to managing perioperative bleeding in the fragile patient population with cirrhosis. This review discusses coagulation assessments and bleeding management techniques necessary before, during, and after surgical interventions in patients with cirrhosis, and provides expert clinical opinion and physician experience on the perioperative management of these patients.