ArticleBMC psychology2024
Parental stress and child stimulation practices: examining associations with child developmental outcomes over time in Kenya and Zambia.
Article in BMC psychology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Surveillance for neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in high-risk neonates: a cohort study at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Parenting health literacy and nurturing care ability: the mediating role of parenting stress.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Article
- Understanding the relationship between child stimulation and brain function using neuroimaging techniques and behavioral measures: a study protocol.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Supporting parents in autism care.World journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Maternal perceived safety and parenting practices with young children: a cross-sectional analysis from 15 low-income and middle-income countries.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Psychometric properties of the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form in a Peruvian sample.Psicologia, reflexao e critica : revista semestral do Departamento de Psicologia da UFRGS · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundParental stress often arises when parenting demands exceed the expected and actual resources available for parents to succeed in the parenting role. Parental stress is an important contributor to parent-child relationships. This, in turn, affects opportunities to engage their children in stimulating activities which could improve their development outcomes. However, limited evidence exists from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) on the association between parental stress, caregiving practices, and child developmental outcomes.
methodsThe findings reported in this paper were derived from data collected through previous longitudinal work on nurturing care evaluation studies in Kisumu and Nairobi Counties in Kenya, and Chisamba District in Zambia. A total of 341 caregivers and their children who participated in the three rounds of data collection were included in this study. The children's mean age was 9.3 (SD = 8.2) months pre-intervention, 25.5 (SD = 8.6) months in mid-intervention, and 36 (SD = 10.0) months post-intervention. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), Parental Stress Scale (PSS), and caregiving tools were used to assess children's developmental outcomes, parental stress, and stimulation practices, respectively. A Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel model (RI-CLPM) was used to determine the association between caregivers' parenting stress, child stimulation practices, and child developmental outcomes.
resultsThe findings showed that caregiver stimulation practices were positively associated with developmental outcomes. Findings on the associations between parental stress and caregivers' stimulation practices and children's developmental outcomes were not universally supported.
conclusionThe findings show that improved caregiver stimulation practices are likely to improve children's developmental outcomes. The policy implications of the findings from this study focus on improving parenting practices by addressing the predictors of parental stress. This includes subsidising childcare services to reduce costs.
trial registrationPan African Clinical Trials Registry ( https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/ ) database (ID number: PACTR20180774832663 Date: 26/July/2018.
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