ArticlePloS one2024
Asymmetric effects of foreign direct investment and globalization on ecological footprint in Indonesia.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Retraction: Asymmetric effects of foreign direct investment and globalization on ecological footprint in Indonesia.PloS one · 2025Article
- Spillover impacts of financial development and globalization on environmental quality in ASEAN countries.Heliyon · 2024Article
- A time-varying analysis between economic uncertainty and tourism development in Singapore.PloS one · 2024Article
- Do positive and negative shocks of tourism development affect income inequality in a developed country?PloS one · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2025-11-25Compromised Peer Review · Concerns/Issues about Authorship/Affiliation · Concerns/Issues about Peer Review · Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Objections by Author(s) · Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions ·
- Retracted
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The sustainable development goal seems challenging for governments worldwide, including Indonesia, which has faced an ecological deficit due to rapid economic development and population growth since 1999. The study aims to probe the potential asymmetric effects of foreign direct investment and globalization on ecological footprint in Indonesia from 1971 to 2019, which was ignored by previous studies. By adopting the autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) approaches, the results clearly reveal that (i) The positive shock of globalization has a positive and statistically significant impact on the ecological footprint; (ii) the impact of foreign direct investment on the ecological footprint is asymmetric in the long run. Accordingly, the study found that the influence of negative changes in foreign direct investment is larger than positive changes. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the Indonesian government carefully consider the long-term consequences of globalization on the environment and reasonable control of foreign direct investment inflows.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.