ArticleBirth defects research2024
National population-based estimates for major birth defects, 2016-2020.
Article in Birth defects research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Communicating neurological prognosis in the prenatal period: a narrative review and practice guidelines.Pediatric research · 2025Guideline
- Comparison of Wavefront-optimised Refraction Determined Pre- and Post-cycloplegia in Individuals with Down Syndrome.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- A new tool for pregnancy research: a unified definition for major congenital malformation across ICD eras.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Increased Risk of Sarcomas in Children With Congenital Anomalies: Findings From the Genetic Overlap Between Anomalies and Cancer in Kids (GOBACK) Registry Linkage Study.Pediatric blood & cancer · 2026Article
- A Mechanistic Review of Environmental Stressor to Decode Their Effect on Congenital Malformations: A Developmental Toxicity.Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology · 2026Review
- Cross Sectional Study of Prenatal Diagnosis Uptake Among Individuals With Genetic Conditions.Prenatal diagnosis · 2026Article
- Velopharyngeal Anatomy and Speech Production in Cleft Palate Surrounding Primary Palatoplasty: Protocol for a Prospective Observational Pilot Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Inflammation Associated With Obesity, Aging, and Amyloid Burden in Adults With Down Syndrome.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2026Article
- Positive Longitudinal Caregiver Behavioral Ratings and Self-Reported Quality of Life in Youth With Cleft Lip and Palate in Treatment for Class III Malocclusion.The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association · 2026Article
- A Comprehensive Review of the Genetic Etiology and Management of Orofacial Clefts.Pediatric discovery · 2026Review
- Comprehensive analysis ofmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Factors Associated With Longitudinal Quality of Life Related to Facial Differences in Youth With Cleft Lip and Palate in Treatment for Class III Malocclusion.The Journal of craniofacial surgery · 2026Article
- Vaccination in individuals with Down syndrome: immune vulnerability, safety, efficacy and opportunities.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Rates of Neonatal Congenital Anomalies.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- The Burden of Lower Limb Deformities in Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review.Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America · 2026Review
- Reproductive health in the liver transplant recipient.Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society · 2026Review
- Exploring the Impact of Missing Death Data on Identification of Congenital Malformations in Insurance Claims Data.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Article
- Down Syndrome Births Among Live Births from the CDC Wonder Database.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Enhancing Fetal Cardiac Care: Addressing Unwarranted Variation in Prenatal Congenital Heart Disease Detection and Counseling.Current cardiology reports · 2026Review
- Maternal Choline Supplementation in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease Generates Unique Expression Profile Mosaics Within Three Hippocampal Excitatory Neuronal Populations.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe provide updated crude and adjusted prevalence estimates of major birth defects in the United States for the period 2016-2020.
methodsData were collected from 13 US population-based surveillance programs that used active or a combination of active and passive case ascertainment methods to collect all birth outcomes. These data were used to calculate pooled prevalence estimates and national prevalence estimates adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity for all conditions, and maternal age for trisomies and gastroschisis. Prevalence was compared to previously published national estimates from 1999 to 2014.
resultsAdjusted national prevalence estimates per 10,000 live births ranged from 0.63 for common truncus to 18.65 for clubfoot. Temporal changes were observed for several birth defects, including increases in the prevalence of atrioventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, omphalocele, trisomy 18, and trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) and decreases in the prevalence of anencephaly, common truncus, transposition of the great arteries, and cleft lip with and without cleft palate.
conclusionThis study provides updated national estimates of selected major birth defects in the United States. These data can be used for continued temporal monitoring of birth defects prevalence. Increases and decreases in prevalence since 1999 observed in this study warrant further investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.