ReviewCurrent oncology (Toronto, Ont.)2023
Overcoming Resistance Mechanisms to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Leveraging the Anti-Tumor Immune Response.
Review in Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomaterial-driven remove-remodel-repair (3R) strategy for full-cycle gastric cancer management: bibliometric mapping, preclinical evidence, and a translational roadmap.Nanoscale advances · 2026Review
- Prognostic and therapeutic importance of TROP-2 and MUC-1 in non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Biomedical reports · 2026Article
- Targeting of Gpx8-CSF1 axis resets the immune milieu of lung tumor and overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy.Cell death and differentiation · 2026Article
- Linavonkibart and pembrolizumab in immune checkpoint blockade-resistant advanced solid tumors: a phase 1 trial.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) in hematologic malignancies: Bridging molecular mechanisms to therapeutic innovation.BioImpacts : BI · 2026Review
- Comparative Retrospective Analysis of Immunotherapy Combined with Anti-Angiogenic Agents and Nab-Paclitaxel in Metastatic Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma.International journal of general medicine · 2026Article
- Immune evasion in cancer: mechanisms and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- The role of E3 ligases and deubiquitinases in PD-L1 regulation and the tumor microenvironment in renal cell carcinoma.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Monoclonal antibody immune therapy response instrument for stratification and cost-effective personalized approaches in 3PM-guided pan cancer management.The EPMA journal · 2025Review
- Inhibition of PIM Kinase in Tumor-Associated Macrophages Suppresses Inflammasome Activation and Sensitizes Prostate Cancer to Immunotherapy.Cancer immunology research · 2025Article
- Tumor Immune Response as a Biomarker for Metastasis-Free Survival of Breast Cancer and Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Therapy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Breast cancer : basic and clinical research · 2025Article
- Reprogramming the Tumor Microenvironment in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Therapeutic Targets and Innovations.Oncology research · 2025Review
- Pharmacological strategies to overcome immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- Strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-PD-L1 antibody and anti-CTLA-4 antibody in cancer therapy.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Review
- Emerging biomarkers for immunotherapy response in biliary tract cancers: a comprehensive review of immune checkpoint inhibitor strategies.Biomarkers in medicine · 2024Review
- Effects of Tumor-derived Small Extracellular Vesicles on T cell Survival in Patients with Cancer; A Commentary.Journal of cancer immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
As far back as 3000 years ago, the immune system was observed to play a role in mediating tumor regression. Since then, many strategies have been developed to leverage the anti-tumor immune response. However, while many patients respond to ICIs up front some do not, and many of those that do eventually experience tumor progression. Currently, there are several predictive biomarkers of the immune checkpoint inhibitor response; however, no one test appears to be universally predictive and their application varies by disease site. There are many ways in which cancer cells develop primary or acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Efforts to reverse resistance include ways to combat T cell exhaustion, reprogram the tumor microenvironment, increase the availability of tumor neo-antigens, target alternative immune checkpoints, restore a normal/healthy patient gut microbiome, oncolytic viruses and tumor vaccines. The most studied and most promising methods include combining ICIs with therapies targeting alternative immune checkpoints and restoring a normal/healthy patient gut microbiome. This review will discuss T cell-mediated immunity, how this is leveraged by modern immunotherapy to treat cancer and mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance, while highlighting strategies to overcome primary and secondary resistance mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.