ReviewFrontiers in neurology2023
The pathogenesis of blepharospasm.
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blepharospasm in GNAO1 Syndrome May Benefit From Botulinum Toxins.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2025Article
- Development of a Patient-Centered Outcome Tool for Blepharospasm: A Stepwise Modified Delphi Study.Toxins · 2025Article
- A pilot exploratory study for analysis of clinical features and plasma catecholamines in blepharospasm.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Brain functional network topology and connectivity in primary blepharospasm.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of onabotulinum toxin type-A injection techniques in older adults with blepharospasm: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Abnormal inter-hemispheric functional cooperation in blepharospasm.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Long-term efficacy of neural circuit blockade for treating blepharospasm: a retrospective case series study.Frontiers in neurologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Blepharospasm is a focal dystonia characterized by involuntary tetanic contractions of the orbicularis oculi muscle, which can lead to functional blindness and loss of independent living ability in severe cases. It usually occurs in adults, with a higher incidence rate in women than in men. The etiology and pathogenesis of this disease have not been elucidated to date, but it is traditionally believed to be related to the basal ganglia. Studies have also shown that this is related to the decreased activity of inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex caused by environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Increasingly, studies have focused on the imbalance in the regulation of neurotransmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine, in blepharospasm. The onset of the disease is insidious, and the misdiagnosis rate is high based on history and clinical manifestations. This article reviews the etiology, epidemiological features, and pathogenesis of blepharospasm, to improve understanding of the disease by neurologists and ophthalmologists.
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