Trial reportArthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)2024
Vitamin D and Marine n-3 Fatty Acids for Autoimmune Disease Prevention: Outcomes Two Years After Completion of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Trial report in Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01351805 (Vitamin D and Fish Oil for Autoimmune Disease, Inflammation and Knee Pain), which is not on this map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Vitamin D and Fish Oil for Autoimmune Disease, Inflammation and Knee Pain
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Healthy dietary pattern and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of a Combined Vitamin DNutrients · 2026Trial
- Association between patterns of circulating vitamin co-exposure and the prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Effects of Vitamin D on Epigenetics, Seasonality, and Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis.Nutrients · 2026Review
- A Healthy Lifestyle Can Slow Immune System Aging and Reduce Age-Related Chronic Inflammation: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Indirect Estimation of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Reference Intervals Using Data Mining.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Prevalence of Nutritional Imbalances in the US Population Over Time: Biomarker Data from the Cross-Sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2000 through August 2021-August 2023).Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- Vitamin D in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: still a challenge.Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA · 2026Review
- Vitamin D in Gut and Systemic Immune Tolerance and in Infections' Risk: An International Evidence-Based Consensus Statement.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Vitamin D and Health Outcomes: State-of-the-Art Review of Triangulated Evidence and Ongoing Controversies.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- The Role of Vitamin D in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: From Immunomodulation to Clinical Implications.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Treatment strategies for rituximab-resistant primary membranous nephropathy: from resistance mechanisms to emerging therapies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Vitamin DFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals Unlocks New Avenues in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Oral and topical vitamin D treatment strategies in psoriasis.Skin health and disease · 2025Review
- Beneficial health effects of ultraviolet radiation: expert review and conference report.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2025Review
- Vitamin D supplementation: still a challenge for rheumatologists!EULAR rheumatology open · 2025Review
- Illuminating the Connection: Cutaneous Vitamin DNutrients · 2025Review
- Vitamin D in Primary Sjogren's Syndrome (pSS) and the Identification of Novel Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Involved in the Development of pSS-Associated Diseases.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Environment and systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases: an overview and future directions.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveIn the 5.3-year randomized, 2 × 2 factorial, double-blind, placebo-controlled Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL), vitamin D supplementation reduced autoimmune disease (AD) incidence (hazard ratio [HR] 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61-0.99). Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid supplementation showed a statistically nonsignificant reduction (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.67-1.08). We aimed to confirm further AD cases arising during and after randomization and assess sustained effects with two years of postintervention observation.
methodsOf the 12,786 men aged ≥50 and 13,085 women aged ≥55 initially randomized, we observed surviving and willing participants for two more years. We continued to confirm annual participant-reported new AD by medical record review. Cox models calculated HRs for all confirmed incident AD, (and secondary endpoints, including probable cases, and individual ADs), during the observational and randomized periods.
resultsA total of 21,592 participants (83.5%) were observed for two more years; 514 participants developed incident confirmed AD (236 since prior report), of whom 255 had been randomized to vitamin D versus 259 to vitamin D placebo (HR 0.98 [95% CI 0.83-1.17] at 7 years). AD was confirmed in 234 participants initially randomized to n-3 fatty acids versus 280 randomized to its placebo (HR 0.83 [95% CI 0.70-0.99] at 7 years). Of newly confirmed cases, 65 had onset during randomization; their inclusion changed randomized results as follows: HR 0.85 (95% CI 0.70-1.04) for vitamin D and HR 0.87 (95% CI 0.71-1.06) for n-3 fatty acids.
conclusionTwo years after trial termination, the protective effects of 2000 IU/day of vitamin D dissipated, but 1,000 mg/day of n-3 fatty acids had a sustained effect in reducing AD incidence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.