Learning from Non-Routine Events and Teamwork in Intensive Care Units: Challenges and Opportunities.

Patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) have profound and complex illnesses, often fraught with uncertainties in diagnoses, treatments, and care decisions. Clinicians often deviate from best practices to handle ICUs' myriad complexities and uncertainties. Non-routine events (NREs), defined as any aspect of care perceived by clinicians as deviations from optimal care, are latent and frequent safety threats that, if left unchecked, can be precursors to adverse events. Proper identification and analysis of NREs that represent latent safety threats have been proposed as a feasible and more effective approach for performance improvement than traditional root cause analysis for patient safety events. However, NRE studies to date have yet to show the holistic picture of NREs in the contexts of teamwork and time-dependent tasks that are frequently associated with NREs. NREs, an upstream interventional area to understand root causes, team performance, and human-computer interaction, still needs to be expanded. This article presents concepts of NREs, and the use of real-world data (RWD) and informatics methodology to investigate NREs in contexts and discusses the opportunities and challenges to enhance NREs research in teamwork and time-dependent tasks.