Clinical profile, referral trends, and real-world application of vibration-controlled transient elastography in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Singapore.

Background and Aim: Pediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive disorder that is increasing in incidence globally. The study aims to describe the clinical profile and longitudinal outcome, including the utility of vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE), in children with NAFLD at a single tertiary liver unit in Singapore. Methods: Retrospective review of patients aged 0-18 years referred for NAFLD from 2003 to 2020 was conducted. Diagnosis was based on persistent elevation of alanine transaminase ≥2× the upper limit of normal in at-risk patients, and/or radiologic detection of hepatic steatosis, with the exclusion of other etiologies. VCTE-derived liver stiffness measurements (LSMs) ≤7.0 , 7.1-9.0, and ≥9.1 kPa were used to differentiate normal (F0-F1), significant fibrosis (F2), and advanced fibrosis (F3-F4), respectively. Results: The study included 210 patients (72.4% male, mean age 11.6 years). New cases increased from 1.7/1000 referrals in 2003-2008 to 12.7 and 24.5/1000 referrals in 2009-2014 and 2015-2020, respectively. Significant proportion had dyslipidemia (41.4%), impaired glucose tolerance/diabetes (IGT/DM, 26.7%), and hypertension (17.1%). Only 6.2% had resolution of NAFLD after a mean follow-up of 3.7 years. Based on VCTE ( Conclusion: Incidence of pediatric NAFLD has increased dramatically in Singapore. Based on LSM estimation, pediatric NAFLD may be associated with an increased risk of developing advanced fibrosis by late adolescence.