ArticleBMC cancer2024
TIM-3/Galectin-9 interaction and glutamine metabolism in AML cell lines, HL-60 and THP-1.
Article in BMC cancer, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Small extracellular vesicles in tumor metabolism and immune escape: biomarkers and therapeutic opportunities.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- TIM-3 in AML: a janus-faced orchestrator of immune exhaustion and leukemic self-renewal.Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- Review
- "Galectin-9: A double-edged sword in Acute Myeloid Leukemia".Annals of hematology · 2025Review
- Galectin-9 induces IL-1β production as a key inflammatory cytokine in the acute myeloid leukemia cell line (U937).Research in pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Article
- Galectins-1, -3 and -9 in leukemia: mechanistic insights and therapeutic translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Dissecting L-glutamine metabolism in acute myeloid leukemia: single-cell insights and therapeutic implications.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundT cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) is a cell surface molecule that was first discovered on T cells. However, recent studies revealed that it is also highly expressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and it is related to AML progression. As, Glutamine appears to play a prominent role in malignant tumor progression, especially in their myeloid group, therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the relation between TIM-3/Galectin-9 axis and glutamine metabolism in two types of AML cell lines, HL-60 and THP-1.
methodsCell lines were cultured in RPMI 1640 which supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotics. 24, 48, and 72 h after addition of recombinant Galectin-9 (Gal-9), RT-qPCR analysis, RP-HPLC and gas chromatography techniques were performed to evaluate the expression of glutaminase (GLS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) enzymes, concentration of metabolites; Glutamate (Glu) and alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) in glutaminolysis pathway, respectively. Western blotting and MTT assay were used to detect expression of mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) as signaling factor, GLS protein and cell proliferation rate, respectively.
resultsThe most mRNA expression of GLS and GDH in HL-60 cells was seen at 72 h after Gal-9 treatment (p = 0.001, p = 0.0001) and in THP-1 cell line was observed at 24 h after Gal-9 addition (p = 0.001, p = 0.0001). The most mTORC and GLS protein expression in HL-60 and THP-1 cells was observed at 72 and 24 h after Gal-9 treatment (p = 0.0001), respectively. MTT assay revealed that Gal-9 could promote cell proliferation rate in both cell lines (p = 0.001). Glu concentration in HL-60 and α-KG concentration in both HL-60 (p = 0.03) and THP-1 (p = 0.0001) cell lines had a decreasing trend. But, Glu concentration had an increasing trend in THP-1 cell line (p = 0.0001).
conclusionTaken together, this study suggests TIM-3/Gal-9 interaction could promote glutamine metabolism in HL-60 and THP-1 cells and resulting in AML development.
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