ReviewCell research2024
The roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β and BMP signaling in bone and cartilage development, homeostasis and disease.
Review in Cell research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 253 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
253 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 326 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protective effects and mechanisms of puerarin in ovariectomized animal models of osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- PRP-activating hyaluronic acid hydrogels for immune-modulatory osteoarthritis repair.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- The regulatory significance of chondrocyte hypertrophy in maintaining chondrocyte homeostasis, regeneration and repair.Future science OA · 2026Review
- Immunity-and-matrix-regulatory cells promote hyaline-like cartilage repair in osteoarthritis.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Bioengineered titanium implants functionalized with aptamer-valproic acid conjugates orchestrate macrophage programming and mesenchymal stem cell homing for improved osseointegration.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Vascular calcification: pathogenic mechanisms, signaling crosstalk and translational therapeutics.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- From oral decoction to intra-articular nanomedicine: Bawei Tiaosui Decoction (BWTSD) nanoparticle-laden lubricating hydrogel for synergistic treatment of knee osteoarthritis.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Therapeutic potential of astrocyte transdifferentiated neurons.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Cell differentiation-related signaling pathways: biological functions, diseases and therapeutic targets.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Fracture healing: from molecular and cellular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Skeletal stem and progenitor cell niche organization, regulation and repair.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Injectable hydrogels for bone regeneration: from materials design to clinical translation.RSC advances · 2026Review
- Malate-aspartate shuttle inactivation drives pulmonary hypertension through glucose carbon flux rewiring and α-ketoglutarate-dependent epigenetic remodeling.Redox biology · 2026Article
- WDR23 prevents bone loss by promoting autophagic degradation of TRAF6 in osteoclastogenesis.Bone research · 2026Article
- Effects of Perfluorobutane Sulfonate (PFBS) on Development and Bone Mineralization in Zebrafish Larvae.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Article
- Artemotil Attenuates Fibrosis-Associated Chondrocyte Remodelling in Osteoarthritis in Association With STC1-Related TGF-β/SMAD2/3 Signalling.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Article
- A large animal model of heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension using BMPR2 gene-edited sheep.JCI insight · 2026Article
- The emerging roles of ITM2A: At the molecular crossroads of development and pathogenesis.iScience · 2026Review
- Biofabrication for spatial control of multiscale biological crosstalk in tissue models.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Review
193 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte lineage commitment and differentiation, skeletal development, and homeostasis. TGF-βs and BMPs transduce signals through SMAD-dependent and -independent pathways; specifically, they recruit different receptor heterotetramers and R-Smad complexes, resulting in unique biological readouts. BMPs promote osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and chondrogenesis at all differentiation stages, while TGF-βs play different roles in a stage-dependent manner. BMPs and TGF-β have opposite functions in articular cartilage homeostasis. Moreover, TGF-β has a specific role in maintaining the osteocyte network. The precise activation of BMP and TGF-β signaling requires regulatory machinery at multiple levels, including latency control in the matrix, extracellular antagonists, ubiquitination and phosphorylation in the cytoplasm, nucleus-cytoplasm transportation, and transcriptional co-regulation in the nuclei. This review weaves the background information with the latest advances in the signaling facilitated by TGF-βs and BMPs, and the advanced understanding of their diverse physiological functions and regulations. This review also summarizes the human diseases and mouse models associated with disordered TGF-β and BMP signaling. A more precise understanding of the BMP and TGF-β signaling could facilitate the development of bona fide clinical applications in treating bone and cartilage disorders.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.