ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2024
Neurological development in children born moderately or late preterm: national cohort study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Supplementation on Long- and Short-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm or Low Birth Weight Infants: A Meta-Analysis.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- General health and social outcomes 50 years after exposure to antenatal betamethasone: follow-up of a randomised controlled trial.BMC medicine · 2024Trial
- Health equity begins with children: dismantling barriers to healthcare access in low- and middle-income countries.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2026Article
- Cortical surface area, thalamic nuclei volume, and associations with neurocognitive functioning in 6-13-year-old children born late preterm and full term.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Maternal neighborhood deprivation and its association with early childhood neurodevelopmental impairment in extremely preterm infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Gestational Age and Childhood Educational Outcomes in Primary and High School Years.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Association between breastfeeding and neurodevelopmental outcomes after late preterm birth.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Surveillance for neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) in high-risk neonates: a cohort study at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Academic Achievements in Adolescents With Congenital Heart Disease: A Total Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Association of blood component transfusions with neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants by gestational age.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Article
- Cognition and language of 2-year-old very preterm children measured using brief validated parental report instruments: a cross-sectional study.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- [Neuropsychological development in late preterm infants: the potential role of parent-child interaction].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Prenatal Substance Exposure and Birth Weight: Findings From the HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study.Pediatrics · 2026Observational
- Anxiety Symptoms in Preschool Children Born Very Preterm: Associations with Cognition and Neonatal Striatal Volumes.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Gestational age-stratified management of umbilical artery thrombosis: a 5-year retrospective study at a tertiary referral center in China.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Maternal Depressive Symptomology and Small-for-Gestational-Age: Do Coping Efforts Moderate the Relationship?Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Infants' General Movements Were Not Affected by Exposure to Maternal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Observational
- Respiratory insufficiency, feeding issues and length of stay in 33-36 weeks post-menstrual age infants.Pediatric research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo assess long term neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born at different gestational ages, particularly 32-33 weeks (moderately preterm) and 34-36 weeks (late preterm), compared with 39-40 weeks (full term).
designNationwide cohort study.
settingSweden.
participants1 281 690 liveborn singleton children without congenital malformations born at 32
main outcome measuresThe primary outcomes of interest were motor, cognitive, epileptic, hearing, and visual impairments and a composite of any neurodevelopmental impairment, diagnosed up to age 16 years. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using Cox regression adjusted for parental and infant characteristics in the study population and in the subset of full siblings. Risk differences were also estimated to assess the absolute risk of neurodevelopmental impairment.
resultsDuring a median follow-up of 13.1 years (interquartile range 9.5-15.9 years), 75 311 (47.8 per 10 000 person years) liveborn singleton infants without congenital malformations had at least one diagnosis of any neurodevelopmental impairment: 5899 (3.6 per 10 000 person years) had motor impairment, 27 371 (17.0 per 10 000 person years) cognitive impairment, 11 870 (7.3 per 10 000 person years) epileptic impairment, 19 700 (12.2 per 10 000 person years) visual impairment, and 20 393 (12.6 per 10 000 person years) hearing impairment. Children born moderately or late preterm, compared with those born full term, showed higher risks for any impairment (hazard ratio 1.73 (95% confidence interval 1.60 to 1.87) and 1.30 (1.26 to 1.35); risk difference 4.75% (95% confidence interval 3.88% to 5.60%) and 2.03% (1.75% to 2.35%), respectively) as well as motor, cognitive, epileptic, visual, and hearing impairments. Risks for neurodevelopmental impairments appeared highest from 32 weeks (the earliest gestational age), gradually declined until 41 weeks, and were also higher at 37-38 weeks (early term) compared with 39-40 weeks. In the sibling comparison analysis (n=349 108), most associations remained stable except for gestational age and epileptic and hearing impairments, where no association was observed; for children born early term the risk was only higher for cognitive impairment compared with those born full term.
conclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that children born moderately or late preterm have higher risks of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. The risks should not be underestimated as these children comprise the largest proportion of children born preterm. The findings may help professionals and families achieve a better risk assessment and follow-up.
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