ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2024
A brief measure of non-drug reinforcement: Association with treatment outcomes during initial substance use recovery.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effects of exercise interventions on substance-use outcomes: A meta-analytic and systematic review.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Predictors and Trajectories of Negative and Positive Interpersonal Dynamics in Remission From Alcohol Use Disorder.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2026Article
- Mechanistic and translational insights from preclinical cocaine choice procedures on the economic substitutability of cocaine and nondrug reinforcers.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Assessment of contextualized reinforcement pathology in a community sample of young adult substance users.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2025Article
- Ambulatory assessment to advance the science of nondrug reward in addiction and recovery.Addiction research & theory · 2025Article
- Daily profiles of nondrug reward and their association with daily outcomes for people in recovery from opioid use disorder: An application of latent profile analysis applied to intensive longitudinal data.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Perceived stigma and its role in substance use disorder treatment completion.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2025Article
- Human laboratory models of reward in substance use disorder.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2024Review
- Contextual and psychosocial factors influencing drug reward in humans: The importance of non-drug reinforcement.Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTranslational research demonstrates that drug use is inversely associated with availability and engagement with meaningful non-drug reinforcers. Evaluation of non-drug reinforcement in treatment-receiving clinical populations is limited, likely owing to the time intensive nature of existing measures. This study explores the association of non-drug reinforcers with treatment outcomes using a novel, brief measure of past month non-drug reinforcement quantifying three elements: relative frequency, access, and enjoyability.
methodsRespondents enrolled in substance use treatment (residential, intensive outpatient, and medically managed withdrawal) in clinics across the United States (N = 5481) completed standardized assessments of non-drug reinforcement and treatment outcomes (i.e., return to use and life satisfaction) one-month after treatment discharge. Non-drug reinforcement measures (availability, engagement, enjoyability) were used as predictors of return to use and life satisfaction using generalized linear models.
resultsNon-drug reinforcement indices were associated with return to use and life satisfaction in unadjusted models (e.g., 12.4 % versus 58.3 % return to use for those with the highest and lowest availability, respectively). Consistent results were observed in models adjusted for sociodemographic variables and risk factors (i.e., sleep disturbance, anhedonia, stress). Comparisons by drug class generally showed lower non-drug reinforcement among patients reporting heroin or methamphetamine as their primary drug.
conclusionsResults highlight the importance of non-drug reinforcement during the first month following treatment. Rapid measurement of non-drug reinforcement in stepped care settings may illuminate critical deficits in early stages of behavior change, identify those at greatest risk for return to use, and provide targets for treatment to improve recovery trajectories.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.