ArticleScience translational medicine2024
SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance and evolution varies by type and severity of immunodeficiency.
Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Science translational medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
69citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
34.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Immunocompromised Persons.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of inhaled interferon-β1a on SARS-CoV-2 diversity and evolution.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Trial
- A randomized controlled Phase I de-escalation trial of molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir combination for mild-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Trial
- Health-related quality of life in immunocompromised adults with mild-moderate COVID-19 treated with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir: results from the randomized, double-blinded EPIC-IC trial.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Comprehensive longitudinal profiling identifies differential frequency, epitope specificity, and effector function of CD8EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Coordinated immune response distinguishes duration of SARS-CoV-2 viral particle shedding in humans.iScience · 2026Article
- Antibody escape drives emergence of diverse spike haplotypes resembling variants of concern in persistent SARS-CoV-2 infections.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Protracted SARS-CoV-2 Infection in B-cell Depleted Patients: Immunologic and Viral Characteristics and Response to Dual and Extended Antiviral Therapy.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Viral evolution during primary infection in immunocompromised hosts.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Strategies for mitigating severe COVID-19 in patients with haematological malignancy during the omicron era.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Review
- Pathology and viral evolutionary dynamics in a hamster model of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Intrahost viral evolution of SARS-CoV-2 infections in rheumatic versus hematological patients with severe iatrogenic immunosuppression.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- The Role of Immunosenescence and Inflammaging in the Susceptibility of Older Adults to SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2026Review
- Viral clearance and escape during therapy of COVID-19 outpatients: A prospective cohort study.iScience · 2025Article
- Symptom Alleviation/Resolution and Returns to Usual Health/Activities in Immunocompromised Adults with COVID-19 Treated with Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir: Results from the EPIC-IC Trial.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- Immune Suppression, Preexisting Immunity, and Mutation Tendency Shaped SARS-CoV-2 Evolution in Persistent Infection.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Genomic and epidemiologic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 persistent infections in California, January 2021 - July 2023.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Virologic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection across evolving Omicron subvariants.JCI insight · 2025Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
33 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Yijia LiDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5300-0571
Manish C ChoudharyDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3192-7840
James ReganDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0449-2295
Julie BoucauRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6731-7238
Anusha NathanRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Tessa SpeidelCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.ORCID 0009-0000-7590-4141
May Yee LiewDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Gregory E EdelsteinDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Yumeko KawanoDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2423-5982
Rockib UddinDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-5953-1234
Rinki DeoDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Caitlin MarinoRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Matthew A GetzRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4172-2187
Zahra ReynoldsDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Mamadou BarryDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-1458-2528
Rebecca F GilbertDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1761-4626
Dessie TienDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Shruti SagarDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Tammy D VyasDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
James P FlynnDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Sarah P HammondDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4271-7443
Lewis A NovackDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7508-1720
Bina ChoiDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-1472-9639
Manuela CernadasDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5444-0074
Zachary S WallaceDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4708-7038
Jeffrey A SparksDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5556-4618
Jatin M VyasDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-9985-9565
Michael S SeamanCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6444-3562
Gaurav D GaihaDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6875-4472
Mark J SiednerDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3506-842X
Amy K BarczakDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3806-2381
Jacob E LemieuxDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2758-4005
Jonathan Z LiDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9914-9662
Brigham and Women's Hospital · USHarvard University · USRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard · USBroad Institute · USBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center · US
Funding
The impact of HIV viral diversity and cellular immunity on HIV pathogenesisP30AI060354 · NIAID · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (MEDICAL SCHOOL) · PI ROBERT A. PARKER · 2004 to 2026
$94.4MViral Genomics: evolution, spread, and host interactionsU19AI110818 · NIAID · BROAD INSTITUTE, INC. · PI NEAFSEY, DANIEL E · 2014 to 2024
$66.5MWG3: HIV, Co-infections and Co-morbiditiesP30AI036219 · NIAID · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI Sharon L. Hillier, JONATHAN KARN · 1994 to 2026
$50.0MMedical Scientist Training ProgramT32GM144273 · NIGMS · HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL · PI David Shumway Jones, Jacqueline A. Lees · 2022 to 2026
$14.7MJoint Biology Consortium Resource-based CenterP30AR070253 · NIAMS · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI Peter A Nigrovic, Jeffrey Andrew Sparks · 2016 to 2026
$9.4MHarnessing Highly Networked HLA-E-Restricted CTL Epitopes to Achieve a Broadly Effective HIV CureDP1DA058476 · NIDA · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Gaurav Das Gaiha · 2023 to 2026
$4.7MInvestigating the Protective Efficacy of SIV/HIV T and B cell Immunity Induced by RNA RepliconsR01AI176533 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Gaurav Das Gaiha · 2023 to 2026
$3.5MCharacterization of Persistent COVID-19R01AI176287 · NIAID · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI Amy K Barczak, Jonathan Li · 2023 to 2026
$3.4MImmunologic and Clinical Sequelae after COVID-19 in Patients with Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic DiseasesR01AR080659 · NIAMS · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI Jeffrey Andrew Sparks · 2023 to 2026
$2.9MExploiting Highly Networked CTL Epitopes to Achieve a Functional HIV CureDP2AI154421 · NIAID · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI GAIHA, GAURAV DAS · 2020 to 2024
$2.7MNIAID NIH HHS DP2 AI154421NIAID NIH HHS P30 AI036219NIAID NIH HHS P30 AI060354NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI176287NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI176533NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI110818NIAMS NIH HHS P30 AR070253NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR080659NIDA NIH HHS DP1 DA058476NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM144273
Abstract
Despite vaccination and antiviral therapies, immunocompromised individuals are at risk for prolonged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but the immune defects that predispose an individual to persistent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain incompletely understood. In this study, we performed detailed viro-immunologic analyses of a prospective cohort of participants with COVID-19. The median times to nasal viral RNA and culture clearance in individuals with severe immunosuppression due to hematologic malignancy or transplant (S-HT) were 72 and 40 days, respectively, both of which were significantly longer than clearance rates in individuals with severe immunosuppression due to autoimmunity or B cell deficiency (S-A), individuals with nonsevere immunodeficiency, and nonimmunocompromised groups (
Indexed as
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2HumansImmunosuppression TherapyKineticsProspective Studies
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.