Effectiveness of management protocol for insulin balls in diabetics: a scoping review.

Aim: In order to achieve good glycemic control, the prevention and management of insulin balls is important for diabetic patients during insulin therapy. However, insulin balls still occur within the clinical setting. This review evaluated the effectiveness of programs designed to manage insulin balls. Methods: A scoping review was conducted based on the Japanese and English literature available from a systematic literature search conducted from January 1964 to March 2022. Three databases were searched: PubMed, CINAHL, and Ichushi-Web. Results: A total of 33 articles met the inclusion criteria, which consisted of 3 for prevention management of insulin balls and 30 for management after the occurrence of insulin balls. Findings for prevention management suggested that the insulin injection technique education (avoidance of repeated injections to the same site) and providing knowledge (about insulin balls) prevented the appearance of insulin balls. As for post-occurrence management, insulin injection technique education (avoidance of injections to the insulin ball, avoidance of repeated injections to the same site, and switching the injection site) improved blood glucose control. Hypoglycemia was observed in all studies that included an assessment of hypoglycemia. None of the studies evaluated long-term effects of either preventive or post-occurrence management. Conclusions: Providing insulin injection technique education is an effective management protocol for insulin balls. Moreover, education about hypoglycemia is important for patients with insulin balls. Further studies to investigate the long-term effects in the management of insulin balls are needed.