ReviewCancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.)2023
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in breast cancer: development, mechanisms of resistance and potential management strategies.
Review in Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Treatment-Related and Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Based Combination Therapies for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Thoracic cancer · 2026Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with triple-negative breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Exploring risk factors for endocrine-related immune-related adverse events: Insights from meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Breast cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms of immune evasion, biomarkers, and emerging therapeutic strategies.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint Blockade and Emerging Combination Platforms in Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review.Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press) · 2026Review
- Identification of NK cell marker genes based on single-cell sequencing to establish a prognostic signature in breast cancer.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- PARG inhibition suppresses breast cancer progression and potentiates immunoresponse through MTDH degradation mediated by E3 ligase ITCH-dependent ubiquitination.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Dual targeting of PD-1/PD-L1 and iL-33/ST2 signalling pathways: a promising approach in breast cancer immunotherapy.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- The Ballet of Natural-Product: Carrier-Free "Triadic" Drug Delivery Platforms for Enhanced Tumor Treatment.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Review
- Neoantigen-Driven Immunotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Emerging Strategies and Clinical Potential.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- RAP1GAP is a prognostic biomarker and correlates with immune infiltrates in bladder cancer.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Radiogenomic analysis of clinical and ultrasonic characteristics in correlation to immune-related genes in breast cancer.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Exosome-Mediated Cellular Communication in the Tumor Microenvironment Imparts Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer.Cancers · 2025Review
- ComparingCancers · 2025Article
- Extracellular vesicles and miRNA-based therapies in triple-negative breast cancer: advances and clinical perspectives.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2025Review
- IL-8 Downregulation Mediates the Beneficial Effects of Infection-Induced Fever on Breast Cancer Prognosis.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- New progress in imaging diagnosis and immunotherapy of breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Identification and validation of KIF20A for predicting prognosis and treatment outcomes in patients with breast cancer.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Identification of a novel immune checkpoint-related gene signature predicts prognosis and immunotherapy in breast cancer and experiment verification.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Application of immune checkpoint inhibitors for resectable gastric/gastroesophageal cancer.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has increased exponentially in the past decade, although its progress specifically for breast cancer has been modest. The first U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for ICI in breast cancer came in 2019, eight years after the first-ever approval of an ICI. At present, current indications for ICIs are relevant only to a subset of patients with triple-negative breast cancer, or those displaying high microsatellite instability or deficiency in the mismatch repair protein pathway. With an increasing understanding of the limitations of using ICIs, which stem from breast cancer being innately poorly immunogenic, as well as the presence of various intrinsic and acquired resistance pathways, ongoing trials are evaluating different combination therapies to overcome these barriers. In this review, we aim to describe the development timeline of ICIs and resistance mechanisms limiting their utility, and summarise the available approaches and ongoing trials relevant to overcoming each resistance mechanism.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.