ArticleMMWR supplements2024
Prevalence of Discrimination and the Association Between Employment Discrimination and Health Care Access and Use - National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Among Transgender Women, Seven Urban Areas, United States, 2019-2020.
Article in MMWR supplements, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Implications of Disruptions in HIV-Related Metrics.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- The Critical Role of Community-Based National HIV Behavioral Surveillance in the United States' Response to HIV.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Multi-level Risks Associated with Partner and Client Violence Among Trans Women Who Do Sex Work in San Francisco, 2023-2024.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Brief Report: Disparities in PrEP Use Among HIV-Negative Black and Latina Women of Transgender Experience and Transfeminine People in Los Angeles County from 2019 to 2020 to 2023-2024.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- HIV and Syphilis Seroprevalence and Correlates of HIV-Syphilis Co-infection Among Black and Latina Women of Transgender Experience and Transfeminine People in Los Angeles County, 2023-2024.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Differences in substance use among trans, non-binary and cis people in Spain: a cross-sectional study.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2026Article
- Discrimination and Symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Among Black Transgender Women in the United States: The Moderating Effect of Sleep.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Spectrum of Sex and Gender.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025Article
- Experiences of violence and abuse among transgender women in healthcare settings in Uganda: a community-engaged qualitative study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Intersecting Structural and Psychosocial Conditions: Investigating Injection Drug Use and HIV Among Transgender Women.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- Comparative- and Cost-Effectiveness Research Determining the Optimal Intervention for Advancing Transgender Women With HIV to Full Viral Suppression (Text Me, Alexis!): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
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- Lifetime homelessness among young transgender women in Lima, Peru is associated with HIV vulnerability: Results from a cross-sectional survey.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Transgender women experience discrimination in many settings, including in employment. Because employment and health insurance are intertwined in the United States, employment discrimination might be related to lower health insurance coverage and health care use, including gender-affirming care. This analysis used data from transgender women (N = 1,608) in seven urban areas in the United States collected during 2019-2020 to present the prevalence of six discrimination types (employment, housing, bathroom, businesses, health care, and abuse) and to measure the association between employment discrimination (defined as trouble getting a job or fired due to being transgender) and sociodemographic characteristics, health care access, and health care use. Log-linked Poisson regression models were conducted to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% CIs. Seven in 10 transgender women experienced at least one type of discrimination during the past 12 months. During the same period, 9.9% of transgender women were fired and 32.4% had trouble getting a job because of being transgender. Employment discrimination was associated with younger age and lower socioeconomic status. Having trouble getting a job was associated with health care access and health care use factors, including having no health insurance or having Medicaid only, having an unmet medical need because of cost, never having transgender-specific care, and having an unmet need for gender-affirming procedures. These findings suggest that employment discrimination contributes to transgender women's economic marginalization and their ability to obtain adequate health insurance coverage and achieve their transition goals. These findings might help guide efforts that protect transgender women's right to pursue their work, health, and life goals without discrimination.
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