ArticleCirculation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology2024
The BLISTER Score: A Novel, Externally Validated Tool for Predicting Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections, and Its Cost-Utility Implications for Antimicrobial Envelope Use.
Article in Circulation. Arrhythmia and electrophysiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cost-effectiveness of an intraoperative antibacterial envelope in preventing cardiac implantable device-associated infections: a systematic review.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2025Pooled it
- Even mild elevations of C-reactive protein levels predict long-term prognosis in heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2026Article
- Evidence-Based Strategies for the Prevention of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infections: An Up-to-Date Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Infections after high-voltage cardiac implantable electronic device replacements.Heart rhythm O2 · 2026Article
- Delphi consensus recommendations for preventing and treating cardiac implantable electronic device infections beyond current guidelines.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Validation of the PADIT (prevention of arrhythmia device infection trial) risk score for infection and infection subtypes.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2026Article
- Contemporary practice about cardiac implantable electronic device infections prevention: A French multicenter survey.Heart rhythm O2 · 2026Article
- The first human pocket histology at an eight-week cardiac implantable electronic device with absorbable antibacterial envelope: case report.European heart journal. Case reports · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Diagnostics, Monitoring, and Therapy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Cardiac implantable electronic device upgrades and downgrades: a Clinical Consensus Statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC, the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Association (APHRS), Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), and the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS).Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2025Article
- Expected Benefits From Antibacterial Envelope in Different CIED Patient Populations.Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE · 2025Review
- Addressing Complications in Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: A Guideline to Prevention of CIED Infection.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2025Review
- Effectiveness of cardiac device envelopes in preventing infections among pacemaker patients: The REINFORCE Brady real-world project.Heart rhythm O2 · 2025Article
- Observational
- Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Infections: A Contemporary Review.Infectious disease clinics of North America · 2024Review
- Prevention and Risk Assessment of Cardiac Device Infections in Clinical Practice.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- British Heart Rhythm Society Standards for Implantation and Follow-up of Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices in Adults: January 2024 Update.Arrhythmia & electrophysiology review · 2024Review
- Real-world data on the effectiveness of TYRX and TauroPace for preventing CIED infections.American journal of cardiovascular disease · 2024Article
- Contemporary issues in implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: Personalising device therapy.Indian heart journalReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
27 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAntimicrobial envelopes reduce the incidence of cardiac implantable electronic device infections, but their cost restricts routine use in the United Kingdom. Risk scoring could help to identify which patients would most benefit from this technology.
methodsA novel risk score (BLISTER [Blood results, Long procedure time, Immunosuppressed, Sixty years old (or younger), Type of procedure, Early re-intervention, Repeat procedure]) was derived from multivariate analysis of factors associated with cardiac implantable electronic device infection. Diagnostic utility was assessed against the existing PADIT score (Prior procedure, Age, Depressed renal function, Immunocompromised, Type of procedure) in both standard and high-risk external validation cohorts, and cost-utility models examined different BLISTER and PADIT score thresholds for TYRX (Medtronic; Minneapolis, MN) antimicrobial envelope allocation.
resultsIn a derivation cohort (n=7383), cardiac implantable electronic device infection occurred in 59 individuals within 12 months of a procedure (event rate, 0.8%). In addition to the PADIT score constituents, lead extraction (hazard ratio, 3.3 [95% CI, 1.9-6.1];
conclusionsThe BLISTER score (https://qxmd.com/calculate/calculator_876/the-blister-score-for-cied-infection) was a valid predictor of cardiac implantable electronic device infection, and could facilitate cost-effective antimicrobial envelope allocation to high-risk patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.