Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38257169›Full record

ArticleNutrients2024

Competitive Foods' Nutritional Quality and Compliance with Smart Snacks Standards: An Analysis of a National Sample of U.S. Middle and High Schools.

Juliana F W Cohen, Ashley Kesack, Tara P Daly, Sara A Elnakib, Erin Hager, Samuel Hahn, Daniel Hamlin, Alla Hill, Annie Lehmann, Peter Lurie and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nutrients, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Juliana F W CohenCenter for Health Inclusion, Research and Practice (CHIRP), Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, 315 Turnpike Street, North Andover, MA 01845, USA.
Ashley KesackCenter for Health Inclusion, Research and Practice (CHIRP), Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, 315 Turnpike Street, North Andover, MA 01845, USA.
Tara P DalyCenter for Health Inclusion, Research and Practice (CHIRP), Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, 315 Turnpike Street, North Andover, MA 01845, USA.
Sara A ElnakibDepartment of Family and Community Health Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
Erin HagerDepartment of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Samuel HahnCenter for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
Daniel HamlinDepartment of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA.
Alla HillCenter for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC 20005, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1550-5293
Annie LehmannSchool of Allied Health, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA.
Peter LurieCenter for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
Meghan MaroneyCenter for Science in the Public Interest, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
Jaydn MeansDepartment of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK 74135, USA.
Megan P MuellerDepartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, 1571 Campus Dr, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4479-8144
Deborah A OlarteCenter for Health Inclusion, Research and Practice (CHIRP), Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, 315 Turnpike Street, North Andover, MA 01845, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0133-4793
Michele PolacsekCenter for Excellence in Public Health, University of New England, 716 Stevens Ave, Portland, ME 04103, USA.
Marlene B SchwartzRudd Center for Food Policy and Health, Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, 1 Constitution Plaza, Suite 600, Hartford, CT 06103, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8939-1954
Kendrin R SonnevilleDepartment of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0359-3919
Lori A SpruanceDepartment of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
Andrea R WoodwardSociology Department, Berea College, Berea, KY 40404, USA.
Leah E ChapmanCenter for Health Inclusion, Research and Practice (CHIRP), Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Merrimack College, 315 Turnpike Street, North Andover, MA 01845, USA.

Funding

Center for Science in the Public Interest (United States) N/A
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Snacks and beverages are often sold in addition to meals in U.S. schools ("competitive foods"), but their current nutritional quality and compliance with national Smart Snacks standards are unknown. This study assessed competitive foods in a national sample of 90 middle and high schools. Differences in compliance by school characteristics were measured using mixed methods analysis of variance. Overall, 80% of the schools in the sample sold competitive foods; but they were less commonly available in schools with universal free school meal (UFSM) policies. A total of 840 unique products were documented and, on average, 75% were compliant with Smart Snacks standards. A total of 56% aligned with recommended added sugar limits (<10% of calories); and 340 unique products (40%) aligned with both sugar and Smart Snacks standards. Approximately one-fifth of competitive foods contained synthetic dyes, and 31% of beverages contained artificial sweeteners. Smart Snacks standards compliance was greater when competitive foods were overseen by food service departments, in comparison with others (e.g., principals, student organizations, or outside vendors [77% vs. 59% compliance;

Indexed as

Coloring AgentsSnacksHealth PolicyHumansNutritive ValueSugarsSweetening AgentsColoring AgentsSugarsSweetening Agentscompetitive foodsnutritionschool policySmart Snacksuniversal free school meals

Identifiers

PMID38257169
PMCPMC10818474

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.