ArticlePolymers2024
Effects of Thermoforming on the Mechanical, Optical, Chemical, and Morphological Properties of PET-G: In Vitro Study.
Article in Polymers, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Forces and Moments Generated by Thermoforming Aligners and Direct-Printed Aligners: A Systematic Review.Dentistry journal · 2026Review
- Does Thermoforming Setup Affect Thickness in Thermoplastic Orthodontic Appliances? A Comparison of Single vs. Dual-Model Fabrication.Polymers · 2026Article
- Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printable Aligner Resins: An In Vitro Study with FTIR Chemical Characterization.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Thermoforming time variability of PET-G and TPU aligner sheets across consecutive thermoforming cycles: an in vitro study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Biomechanical force profiles and force decrease of direct printed versus thermoformed aligners with different trimlines: an in vitro analysis.Progress in orthodontics · 2026Article
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- Color improvement and stability of orthodontic clear aligners following different cleaning protocols.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Article
- Occlusal Force Changes in Growing Patients Treated with the Three Bite Plane Appliance: A Prospective Study.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Effect of 3D-printed model base height on thickness distribution of thermoformed zendura FLX dual-layer clear aligners: anFrontiers in dental medicine · 2026Article
- Spectrophotometric, Periodontal and Subjective Evaluations on Five Different Products for Clear Aligners Cleansing: Randomised Clinical Trial.International journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Measurement of Aligner Thickness and Gap Width in Two Types of Clear Aligner Sheets Manufactured Using Two Different Thermoforming Machines - A Nano-CT Pilot Study.Turkish journal of orthodontics · 2025Article
- Cytotoxic effect of 3D-printed and thermoformed clear aligner materials on human oral fibroblasts: AnKorean journal of orthodontics · 2025Article
- Impact of Mandibular Advancement Therapy on Occlusal Plane Orientation and Incisor Inclination in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Bruxism Simulation in Aligner Therapy: Effects on Restored Posterior Teeth.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Proof-of-Concept Digital-Physical Workflow for Clear Aligner Manufacturing.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Effect of Surface Wettability and Energy on Bacterial Adhesion to Dental Aligners: A Comparative In Vitro Study.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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- Chemical, optical, and morphological properties of TPU and PET-G samples after aging in artificial saliva: an in vitro study.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Influence of Printing Orientation on Surface Roughness and Gloss of 3D Printed Resins for Orthodontic Devices.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The effectiveness of clear aligners in correcting malocclusions is closely linked to the properties of the materials used to make them. The polymers used in the manufacture of clear aligners have well-established properties. However, the process of manufacturing clear aligners, known as thermoforming, involves thermal and mechanical shocks that may alter these properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of thermoforming on the mechanical, optical, chemical, and morphological properties of sixty PET-G specimens. The study compared the thickness, weight, absorbance, chemical structure, surface roughness, elastic modulus, yield strength, and breaking load of thirty thermoformed specimens with thirty non-thermoformed specimens. The study introduces a new approach by using standardized samples to analyze both chemical and physical properties. The results showed statistically significant differences in thickness (-15%), weight (-11%), and surface roughness (+1233% in roughness average; +1129% in RMS roughness) of the material. Additionally, a correlation was found between reduction in thickness and increase in opalescence. There was no significant change in the functionality of the aligners after thermoforming, as no significant mechanical changes were found. However, the increase in surface roughness may lead to plaque and fluid accumulation and worsen the fit of the aligners.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.